ReviewMechanismMixed resultsModerate evidenceTier 4 · clinical
Frontiers in immunology · May 2026
endometrial carcinoma
This review used bioinformatics and cross-study analyses to screen immune-related biomarkers and prognostic models in the tumor microenvironment of endometrial carcinoma. The authors report five immune-related markers and two gene families that were repeatedly found across studies, validate their clinical prognostic significance, and summarize implicated oncogenic signaling pathways and functions of infiltrating immune cells.
Key findings
- Performed a systematic bioinformatics cross-study screen of biomarkers and prognostic models related to immune infiltration in endometrial carcinoma.
- Identified five immune-related markers and two gene families that were consistently reported across multiple studies.
- Reported validation of the clinical prognostic significance of those markers (as stated in the abstract).
- Summarized oncogenic signaling pathways in which the markers are involved.
- Summarized functional implications of immune-infiltrating cells for tumor behavior to guide target identification and future immunopharmacological research.
Limitations: This is a review/synthesis and does not present new primary experimental data.; Methods and selection criteria for the bioinformatics screening and cross-study analysis are not detailed in the abstract, so risk of heterogeneity or selection bias across studies is possible.; Although the abstract states clinical prognostic validation, no sample sizes, cohorts, or validation methods are reported here.; Functional/mechanistic proposals appear to be inferred from existing studies and bioinformatics rather than demonstrated experimentally in this report..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Case reportMechanismInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 3
Human pathology · Oct 2025 · case series
endometrial carcinomaendometrioid carcinomapilomatrix-like high-grade endometrioid carcinoma (PiMHEC)
The authors report three human cases of high-grade endometrioid carcinoma with pilomatrix-like features (PiMHEC) that lacked CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations and nuclear β-catenin by IHC. All tumors had characteristic pilomatrix-like morphology, presented at advanced stage, showed aggressive clinical behavior (two recurrences within 12 months), and targeted NGS identified alternative likely oncogenic alterations including FGFR4 p.T259A, TSC2 mutations, KRAS p.G12D, and MYC amplification.
Reported effects: number_of_cases 3, n=3 · patients_presenting_with_advanced_stage_disease 3, n=3 · +6 more
Key findings
- Three cases of high-grade endometrioid carcinoma with pilomatrix-like features were analyzed.
- All tumors demonstrated two components: a high-grade basaloid component with solid sheets of atypical basaloid cells, geographic necrosis, and focal "ghost" cells, and an associated low-grade FIGO grade 1 endometrioid carcinoma component.
- None of the three cases showed nuclear β-catenin expression by IHC, and all lacked CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations.
- All the patients presented with advanced-stage disease (stages IIC-IVB).
- Two patients had a recurrence within 12 months.
- NGS revealed no CTNNB1 mutations, but identified alternative likely oncogenic alterations: one tumor harbored an FGFR4 p. T259A mutation, two tumors had pathogenic TSC2 mutations, one had a KRAS p.G12D mutation, and two showed MYC amplification.
Limitations: Very small sample size (n=3) and single case-series design.; Case reports are descriptive and cannot establish causal relationships between identified mutations and the PiMHEC phenotype.; No functional validation provided to show that the alternative oncogenic alterations drive the pilomatrix-like phenotype.; Limited follow-up data reported (recurrence noted within 12 months for two patients), limiting assessment of long-term outcomes and prognostic significance..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed
Animal studyReported positivePreclinical onlyTier 2 · animaln = 72
Gynecologic oncology · Jun 2025 · archival tissue analysis plus patient-derived organoid and xenograft preclinical study
This study looked at TROP2 levels in uterine carcinosarcoma samples and tested the TROP2-targeting antibody-drug conjugate sacituzumab govitecan in patient-derived organoid and xenograft models. Most tumors had detectable TROP2, and the organoid models responded to the drug in a dose-dependent way. In two xenograft models, tumor volume was lower with sacituzumab govitecan than without it.
Reported effects: TROP2 expression in primary UCSs 90%, n=72 · Higher TROP2 expression by histologic subtype, p p < 0.001 and p = 0.022, n=72 · +2 more
Key findings
- TROP2 protein and mRNA were detected in at least 90% of primary uterine carcinosarcomas.
- Tumors with a predominant carcinomatous component or homologous differentiation had higher TROP2 expression than those with predominant sarcomatous component or heterologous differentiation.
- All 9 uterine carcinosarcoma organoid models responded in a dose-dependent manner to sacituzumab govitecan.
- Both xenograft models showed significant reduction in tumor volume with sacituzumab govitecan.
Limitations: Preclinical study; findings are from archival tissues, organoids, and mouse xenografts, not patients.; Only 2 xenograft models were tested.; No clinical outcomes, safety data, or survival data in humans were reported.; The abstract does not provide dosing details or treatment duration..
Supports preclinical exploration of TROP2-targeted therapy in uterine carcinosarcoma.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Case reportMechanismInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 2
Pathologica · Feb 2025 · case report (two cases)
corded and hyalinized endometrioid carcinomaendometrioid carcinomaendometrial carcinoma
This paper reports two human cases of high-grade corded and hyalinized endometrioid carcinoma (CHEC) that showed a "no specific molecular profile" (NSMP). Both tumors had a markedly atypical, mitotically active corded component merging with FIGO G3 endometrioid carcinoma and squamous/morular differentiation, and both showed nuclear β-catenin accumulation, retained mismatch repair protein expression, wild-type p53 pattern, and no POLE mutations. The authors note heterogeneity in age and presentation (patients aged 25 and 81) and suggest these tumors be considered a variant of FIGO G3 endometrioid carcinoma.
Reported effects: number_of_cases 2 · tumor_size_case1 6 · +2 more
Key findings
- Both cases demonstrated a markedly atypical and mitotically active corded component merging with a FIGO G3 endometrioid component and accompanied by squamous/morular differentiation.
- Both tumors showed nuclear β-catenin accumulation, retained MMR protein expression, wild-type p53 pattern, and no POLE mutations.
- Case #1 was a 6-cm endometrial mass in a 25-year-old woman, infiltrating the deep myometrium and cervical stroma, with diffuse lymphovascular space invasion.
- Case #2 was an advanced, unresectable endometrial carcinoma involving the lower third of the vagina in an 81-year-old woman.
- The corded component was absent in the hysterectomy specimen of case #1 and in the vaginal biopsy specimen of case #2.
- Authors conclude these cases expand the clinical and molecular heterogeneity of high-grade CHEC and suggest considering them as a variant of FIGO G3 endometrioid carcinoma.
Limitations: Very small sample size (two cases) — case report-level evidence.; Descriptive pathology series without systematic follow-up or outcome data reported in the abstract.; No control or comparison group.; Methods for molecular testing (e.g., POLE testing) and detailed molecular data are not provided in the abstract.; Findings may not be generalizable..
Pathology case report that expands the morphological and molecular spectrum of high-grade corded and hyalinized endometrioid carcinoma (CHEC) by describing two human cases with NSMP.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
ReviewMechanismInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 1 · lab
Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening · Jan 2025 · Review
endometrial carcinoma
This is a review article summarizing recent studies on microRNAs (miRNAs) in endometrial carcinoma. The authors report that evidence supports miRNAs as important regulators of gene expression via binding to 3'-UTR regions. The review aims to clarify the association between miRNAs and endometrial carcinoma and to serve as a reference for further research into miRNA-related therapies.
Key findings
- Endometrial carcinoma may be associated with abnormal gene expression.
- Evidence supports that miRNAs act as critical regulators of gene expression through binding to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR).
- The review summarizes recent studies focusing on miRNAs that influence endometrial carcinoma.
- The authors intend the review to provide a reference for further studies on miRNA-related drugs in endometrial carcinoma.
Limitations: This is a review article and presents no new experimental data.; Abstract does not describe review methods, selection criteria, or whether the review was systematic.; Abstract does not specify which findings are from human clinical studies versus preclinical (in vitro/animal) studies.; The review does not establish clinical efficacy or safety of miRNA-related therapies in patients..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed
Case reportMechanismInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 2
International journal of gynecological pathology : official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists · Jan 2025 · Case report (2 cases)
Endometrial carcinomaCarcinosarcomaEndometrioid carcinoma
The authors report two cases that were morphologically suspicious for endometrial carcinosarcoma but did not meet essential diagnostic criteria. Molecular testing identified pathogenic POLE mutations in both cases, and the tumors were described as low-grade endometrioid carcinomas with a homologous sarcoma component. The report questions the existence of a true POLE-mutated carcinosarcoma entity.
Key findings
- Two cases had morphologic suspicion for endometrial carcinosarcoma but lacked essential criteria for that diagnosis.
- Pathogenic POLE mutations were detected on molecular testing in both cases.
- A descriptive diagnosis rendered was endometrial endometrioid carcinomas, low-grade, with a homologous sarcoma component.
- These observations challenge the existence of POLE-mutated 'carcinosarcoma.'
Limitations: Very small sample size (2 cases).; Case report design without a systematic series or controls.; No clinical follow-up, treatment, or outcome data reported in the abstract.; Abstract provides limited pathological and methodological detail..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed
ReviewMixed resultsLimited evidenceTier 4 · clinical
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · Dec 2024 · literature review
uterine serous carcinoma (serous endometrial carcinoma)endometrial cancer
This literature review summarizes current HER2-directed therapies for HER2-positive uterine serous (serous endometrial) carcinoma. The authors note that about one-third of serous endometrial cancers overexpress HER2 or have ERBB2 amplification and that clinical trials combining chemotherapy with anti-HER2 agents (mainly trastuzumab, alone or with pertuzumab) have shown promising results and been incorporated into international guidelines. The review also describes ongoing research into antibody–drug conjugates and tyrosine kinase inhibitors and highlights that acquired resistance and other unmet needs remain.
Studied with: chemotherapy, pertuzumab.
Key findings
- Approximately one-third of patients with serous endometrial carcinoma may overexpress HER2/neu protein and/or show c-erBb2 (ERBB2) gene amplification.
- HER2-directed treatments, especially trastuzumab alone or combined with pertuzumab and chemotherapy, have shown promising results in clinical trials and have been incorporated into international guidelines.
- Antibody-drug conjugates and tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting HER2 are under active investigation in endometrial cancer.
- Acquired resistance to HER2-targeted therapies is an important unresolved problem in endometrial cancer and its mechanisms are mostly unknown.
- Research is exploring earlier use of HER2-directed therapy in this disease.
Limitations: This is a literature review and does not present new primary experimental or trial data.; The abstract does not state this is a systematic review, so selection and synthesis methods are not described in the abstract.; No quantitative effect sizes or detailed trial outcome data are presented in the abstract.; Mechanistic understanding of acquired resistance in endometrial cancer is reported as largely unknown..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Human · observationalMechanismReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 18
Cell death & disease · Aug 2024 · Single-cell RNA sequencing of 18 human endometrial cancer samples across multiple pathological types, with patient-derived organoid drug testing and in vitro validation experiments
endometrial canceruterine clear cell carcinomaendometrioid endometrial carcinomauterine serous carcinoma
The authors performed single-cell RNA sequencing on 18 endometrial cancer samples across different pathological subtypes to map tumor-cell and microenvironment heterogeneity. They report pathology-specific tumor cell programs (immune-, proliferation-, or metabolism-modulating) and distinct microenvironment compositions, identified candidate drugs for each pathological group and confirmed drug activity in patient-derived organoids, and validated oncogenic effects of SOD2+ inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblasts in vitro. These findings provide descriptive molecular and cellular maps that may guide future, but not yet clinical, personalized approaches.
Reported effect: n_samples 18, n=18
Key findings
- scRNA-seq was performed on 18 endometrial cancer samples from multiple pathological types.
- Cancer cells showed pathology-associated hallmarks: immune-modulating in uterine clear cell carcinoma (UCCC), proliferation-modulating in well-differentiated endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEC-I), and metabolism-modulating in uterine serous carcinoma (USC).
- Cancer cells from UCCC exhibited the greatest heterogeneity among the groups studied.
- Potential effective drugs were predicted for each pathological group and their effectiveness was confirmed using patient-derived endometrial cancer organoids.
- Tumor microenvironment differences: normal endometrium had prognostically favorable CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and NK cells, whereas tumors were dominated by CD4+ regulatory T cells, CD4+ exhausted T cells, and CD8+ exhausted T cells.
- CXCL3+ macrophages with an M2 signature and angiogenesis association were found exclusively in tumors.
- Epithelium-specific CAFs (eCAFs) predominated in EEC-I while SOD2+ inflammatory CAFs (iCAFs) predominated in UCCC.
- The oncogenic effects of SOD2+ iCAFs were validated in vitro.
Limitations: Relatively small sample size (18 samples) limits generalizability.; Observational single-cell profiling: no prospective clinical outcome data or in vivo validation reported.; Drug effectiveness was confirmed in patient-derived organoids (ex vivo) but not in patients or animal models.; In vitro validation of SOD2+ iCAFs does not establish causality in vivo or clinical relevance.; Abstract does not report specific drug names, doses, or safety data..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text