Human · observationalMechanismReported positiveModerate evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 114
Cell reports. Medicine · Aug 2026 · Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling with unsupervised clustering and development/validation of a three-step machine-learning classifier using internal and external cohorts
mucinous ovarian carcinomaextraovarian mucinous metastasismucinous borderline ovarian tumor
The authors performed genome-wide DNA methylation profiling on mucinous ovarian tumors and extraovarian mucinous metastases to define epigenetic groups. They identified two methylation-based subtypes of mucinous ovarian carcinoma and two groups of mucinous borderline tumors, and developed a three-step machine-learning classifier that distinguished MOC from EOM with 95.5% accuracy in their analyses and 91.11% accuracy on an external validation set of 21 MOCs and 24 EOMs. The study proposes an epigenetic framework and a potential clinical classification tool for mucinous ovarian tumors.
Reported effects: classifier accuracy (internal/development) 95.5% · classifier accuracy (external validation) 91.11%, n=45
Key findings
- Methylation analysis defines two mBOT groups, one epigenetically similar to normal ovary and one resembling MOC.
- Unsupervised clustering reveals two distinct MOC methylation subtypes with potential prognostic relevance in the internal cohort.
- A three-step machine-learning classifier developed using the study data together with 389 external profiles distinguishes MOC from EOM with 95.5% accuracy.
- External validation on 21 MOCs and 24 EOMs yielded an accuracy of 91.11% for differentiating MOC from EOM.
Limitations: Observational tissue-profiling study without prospective clinical testing of the classifier.; Prognostic relevance of MOC subtypes is suggested only in the internal cohort and not externally validated in the abstract.; External validation sample for the classifier reported in the abstract is modest (21 MOCs and 24 EOMs).; Details on classifier training/validation procedures, confidence intervals, and independent performance metrics beyond overall accuracy are not provided in the abstract..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Sep 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Human · observationalMechanismMixed resultsLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 923
The journal of pathology. Clinical research · Mar 2026 · immunohistochemical study on tissue microarrays using the VENTANA FOLR1 CDx assay with standardized scoring criteria
tubo-ovarian tumorsendometrial tumorshigh-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC)low-grade serous carcinoma (LGSC)endometrial serous carcinomaserous borderline tumorendometrioid ovarian carcinomaclear cell ovarian carcinomamucinous ovarian tumorssex cord-stromal tumorsendometrial endometrioid carcinomasundifferentiated carcinomadedifferentiated carcinomaendometrial clear cell carcinoma
The study examined folate receptor alpha (FRα) expression by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays of 923 tubo-ovarian and endometrial tumors using the VENTANA FOLR1 CDx assay and standardized scoring. They found FRα expression most commonly in serous carcinomas (45% of HGSC, 25% LGSC) and less commonly in some endometrial serous and serous borderline tumors, while many other ovarian and endometrial tumor types were negative or rarely positive. The work is descriptive and does not report clinical outcomes or functional testing.
Reported effects: HGSC positive cases 45% · Low-grade serous carcinoma positive cases 25% · +4 more
Key findings
- HGSC (high-grade serous carcinoma): 45% positive cases
- Low-grade serous carcinoma: 25% positive cases
- Endometrial serous carcinoma: 11% positive cases
- Serous borderline tumor: 10% positive cases
- Endometrioid ovarian carcinoma: 2% positive cases
- Clear cell ovarian carcinoma: 1% positive cases
- Mucinous ovarian tumors, sex cord-stromal tumors, endometrial endometrioid carcinomas, undifferentiated and dedifferentiated carcinomas, and endometrial clear cell carcinomas were reported as negative
Limitations: Descriptive immunohistochemistry only — no functional assays or correlation with clinical outcomes reported in the abstract; Use of tissue microarrays may under-represent intratumoral heterogeneity; Cross-sectional/tissue-based study without longitudinal or therapeutic response data.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Sep 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
ReviewInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 4 · clinical
Therapeutic advances in medical oncology · Dec 2025 · review
epithelial ovarian cancerhigh-grade serous ovarian cancerovarian clear cell carcinomaendometrioid ovarian carcinomamucinous ovarian carcinomalow-grade serous ovarian carcinomaovarian carcinosarcoma
This review describes the main genomic subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer and how those differences may help match patients to targeted therapies. It highlights PARP inhibitors, MAPK pathway inhibitors, cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and antibody-drug conjugate approaches that are being investigated for specific ovarian cancer types. The article also notes that resistance to PARP inhibitors remains a problem and that more evidence is needed for effective combination therapies.
Key findings
- High-grade serous ovarian cancer is linked mainly to homologous recombination repair gene alterations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2.
- Ovarian clear cell carcinoma is associated with ARID1A and PIK3CA alterations; endometrioid ovarian carcinoma with PIK3CA and KRAS; mucinous ovarian carcinoma with CDKN2A and KRAS; and low-grade serous ovarian carcinoma with MAPK pathway genes such as BRAF and KRAS.
- PARP inhibitor therapy has improved survival for women with homologous recombination repair defects in high-grade serous ovarian cancer, but acquired resistance remains an issue.
- The review emphasizes that genomically targeted combination therapies are urgently needed and that some reported responses are preliminary.
Limitations: Review article only; no new experimental or clinical data presented in the abstract.; No quantitative outcomes or effect sizes are reported in the abstract.; The abstract is broad and does not provide trial-level details, sample sizes, or follow-up durations.; Some therapies discussed are preliminary and require further evidence..
The article is about ovarian cancer genomics and targeted therapies, not a single compound experiment.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
ReviewMechanismInconclusivePreclinical onlyTier 1 · lab
Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin · Oct 2025 · review
ovarian carcinoma
This review discusses purinergic signaling in ovarian carcinoma and summarizes experimental evidence about how ATP and adenosine-related pathways may affect the tumor microenvironment. It describes roles in metastatic behavior, cell proliferation, metabolic changes, and suppression of anti-tumor immune responses. The article does not report new experimental or clinical results.
Key findings
- ATP released by tumor cells can act in the tumor microenvironment through autocrine-paracrine signaling.
- Extracellular ATP is converted to adenosine by CD39 and CD73.
- The review links purinergic signaling to metastatic phenotype, proliferation, metabolic adaptations, and immune suppression in ovarian carcinoma.
Limitations: Review article; no original experimental data.; No human or animal intervention was performed.; No quantitative effect estimates were reported..
The article is about purinergic signaling pathways in ovarian carcinoma and discusses them as potential therapeutic targets, but it is a review rather than a study of a specific compound's effect.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Human · observationalMechanismReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 21
The Journal of pathology · Sep 2025
pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasmhepatic mucinous cystic neoplasmmucinous ovarian carcinomamucinous borderline ovarian tumor
Researchers performed immunohistochemistry, targeted DNA sequencing, and genome-wide DNA methylation profiling on a cohort of pancreatic and hepatic mucinous cystic neoplasms. They found that both pancreatic and hepatic MCNs have distinct methylation profiles within their organ landscapes and that both group with mucinous ovarian tumors in combined methylation analyses, suggesting possible shared origins.
Reported effects: pancreatic MCNs in cohort 15 · hepatic MCNs in cohort 6 · +9 more
Key findings
- Immunohistochemistry and targeted DNA sequencing were used to confirm MCN diagnoses in the studied cohort.
- Unsupervised DNA methylation analysis placed MCN-P predominantly as a distinct group within the pancreatic tumor methylation landscape.
- MCN-L demonstrated a specific methylation profile within the liver tumor methylation landscape compared with other entities.
- Both MCN-P and MCN-L grouped with mucinous ovarian carcinoma and mucinous borderline ovarian tumors (mBOTs) in the ovarian tumor methylation landscape.
- Low-grade MCNs showed greater DNA methylation similarity to mBOTs, whereas high-grade or invasive MCNs associated primarily with mucinous ovarian carcinomas.
- Across all samples (19 tumor types and four normal tissue types, n=430), MCNs grouped with mucinous ovarian tumors and normal ovarian tissue.
- Network analysis of differentially methylated probes showed MCN-P and MCN-L share significant methylation traits resembling mucinous ovarian tumors.
Limitations: Small cohort of primary interest (15 pancreatic MCNs and only 6 hepatic MCNs).; Observational, cross-sectional molecular profiling — cannot establish lineage or causality.; Findings are based on DNA methylation patterns alone (no functional or lineage-tracing experiments reported).; Potential heterogeneity and differences between reference sample sets used for comparative landscapes..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Animal studyReported positivePreclinical onlyTier 2 · animal
Nature communications · Aug 2025 · xenograft antitumor assays
neuroblastomarhabdomyosarcomacolorectal carcinomamelanomaovarian carcinomabreast carcinoma
This study tested a humanized antibody-drug conjugate called CDX0239-PBD in ALK-expressing cancer models. In cell lines, it was taken up by ALK-positive neuroblastoma cells and killed them in a way that depended on surface ALK expression. In mouse xenograft models, it produced strong antitumor activity and complete responses were maintained in several ALK-expressing cancers.
Key findings
- ALK RNA, protein, and tumor cell surface expression was elevated in multiple pediatric and adult malignancies with minimal expression in childhood normal tissues.
- CDX0239-PBD was internalized in ALK-expressing neuroblastoma cell lines with cell surface expression-dependent cytotoxicity.
- CDX0239-PBD exhibited potent antitumor efficacy including maintained complete responses in ALK-expressing patient and cell line-derived neuroblastoma, fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma, and colorectal carcinoma xenograft models.
Limitations: Preclinical study only; no human treatment data are reported in the abstract.; Efficacy was shown in cell lines and xenograft mouse models, which may not predict clinical benefit.; No quantitative effect sizes, dosing details, or toxicity results are provided in the abstract..
The abstract describes a preclinical anticancer antibody-drug conjugate targeting ALK-expressing tumors.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
ReviewMechanismInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 4 · clinical
Cells · Aug 2025 · review
mucinous ovarian carcinomaovarian cancer
This review summarizes recent treatment ideas and biomarkers for mucinous ovarian carcinoma, a rare type of ovarian cancer. It discusses targeted therapies such as HER2 inhibitors and KRASG12C inhibitors, as well as checkpoint inhibitors and other newer strategies. The abstract does not report results from a new experiment or clinical trial, only a synthesis of the literature.
Key findings
- Mucinous ovarian carcinoma is described as having frequent KRAS mutations and HER2 amplifications.
- The review highlights HER2 inhibitors and KRASG12C inhibitors as targeted therapy options under discussion.
- Checkpoint inhibitors are noted as potentially useful in tumors with high PD-L1 expression or tumor mutational burden.
- The abstract mentions antibody-drug conjugates, synthetic lethality approaches, and Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitors as emerging strategies.
Limitations: Review article only; no original patient, animal, or cell-line data in the abstract.; No quantitative outcomes, response rates, or survival data are reported.; The abstract is broad and does not specify which therapies were tested in which settings.; Potential clinical benefit is discussed as promising or potential, not demonstrated in this abstract..
This is a review of therapies and biomarkers in a specific ovarian cancer subtype, not a primary efficacy study.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Human · observationalMechanismMixed resultsLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 300
Molecular therapy. Oncology · Jul 2025 · proteomic analysis of tumor and control tissue samples
epithelial ovarian cancerovarian carcinomaborderline ovarian tumorbenign ovarian tumor
The authors performed proteomic analysis on 300 patient samples across four main epithelial ovarian cancer histotypes, plus borderline and benign tumors, to find differentially abundant proteins and candidate biomarker panels. They report multiple proteins (e.g., SNCG, S100A1, VWA2, AGR2, CTH, SPINK1) that distinguish tissues, and survival analyses that linked GLYR1, RPL12, GDPGP1, and POLR2M to more favorable outcomes and SDF4, PPP3CC, EIF2AK2, and STX6 to worse outcomes. The study presents histotype-specific protein attributes that the authors propose could inform diagnosis and prognosis, but these candidates require further validation.
Key findings
- Proteomic data from 300 patient samples were used to identify differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) across EOC histotypes and control tissues.
- Identified DAPs included SNCG, S100A1, VWA2, AGR2, CTH, and SPINK1 that contributed to biomarker panels stratifying tissues.
- Enrichment of biological processes was observed to profile histotypes and involve the identified DAPs.
- Survival analysis identified candidate prognostic biomarkers with histotype-specific associations: GLYR1, RPL12, GDPGP1, and POLR2M were associated with favorable outcomes.
- Survival analysis also linked SDF4, PPP3CC, EIF2AK2, and STX6 with unfavorable outcomes.
Limitations: Observational proteomic profiling without interventional or functional validation experiments reported in the abstract.; No independent external validation cohort is mentioned in the abstract.; Abstract does not report adjustment for clinical confounders in the survival analyses.; Clinical utility of identified biomarkers is not established by this study; further validation is required..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jul 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
ReviewMechanismReported positiveModerate evidenceTier 4 · clinical
International journal of molecular sciences · May 2025 · review
Mirvetuximab-soravtansineepithelial ovarian cancerhigh-grade serous ovarian carcinomaplatinum-resistant epithelial ovarian cancerovarian neoplasms This review summarizes the role of folate receptor alpha (FRα) in ovarian cancer, noting that FRα is frequently overexpressed in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. It describes that a VENTANA IHC assay is approved as a companion diagnostic to select patients (≥75% tumor cells with moderate to strong membrane staining) for the FRα-targeted antibody-drug conjugate mirvetuximab soravtansine, and discusses biological significance, IHC technical issues, and heterogeneity of expression across subtypes and tissue samples.
Key findings
- FRα is frequently overexpressed in several epithelial malignancies, particularly in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma.
- The VENTANA FOLR1 (FOLR1-2.1) RxDx Assay (IHC) is now approved as a companion diagnostic for selecting patients eligible for mirvetuximab soravtansine.
- Clinical trials (SORAYA and MIRASOL) demonstrated significant clinical benefit in platinum-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer patients with high FRα expression (≥75% of tumor cells with moderate to strong membrane staining).
- The review summarizes biological significance of FRα in ovarian cancer progression and its predictive value for targeted therapy.
- Technical aspects of IHC assessment, including scoring interpretation and pre-analytical variables, are discussed.
- Heterogeneity in FRα expression across histological subtypes and tumor sites, and differences between archival versus fresh tissue, are important considerations.
Limitations: This is a review article and does not present new, individual patient-level data.; FRα expression heterogeneity across histologic subtypes and tumor sites may limit generalizability of biomarker-based selection.; IHC technical factors and pre-analytical variables can affect assessment of FRα and thus patient selection.; The companion diagnostic and demonstrated benefit apply specifically to patients with high FRα expression (≥75%), so findings may not extend to lower expressors..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jul 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
ReviewInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 4 · clinical
Biomedicines · May 2025 · narrative review
mucinous ovarian carcinomaepithelial ovarian cancer
This review summarizes what is known about mucinous ovarian carcinoma, a rare subtype of ovarian cancer with distinct molecular features such as KRAS mutations and HER2 amplifications. It discusses surgery, fertility-sparing approaches, and adjuvant therapy, and notes that targeted strategies like MEK inhibitors and HER2-directed therapies are being investigated for selected molecular subgroups. The abstract does not report new patient data or trial results.
Key findings
- MOC has frequent KRAS mutations and HER2 amplifications.
- Expansile and infiltrative histologic subtypes may guide lymphadenectomy decisions.
- Fertility-sparing surgery appears safe in FIGO stage IA expansile MOC.
- The role of adjuvant therapy in early-stage disease remains debated because of chemoresistance.
- MEK inhibitors and HER2-directed therapies are under investigation for selected molecular subgroups.
Limitations: Narrative review rather than original study.; No new experimental or clinical outcome data reported in the abstract.; No quantitative effect estimates or trial results provided.; Conclusions depend on heterogeneous retrospective cohorts, molecular studies, and guidelines..
Provides a review of molecularly informed management options for mucinous ovarian carcinoma, including discussion of targeted therapies.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
ReviewMechanismInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 4 · clinical
The Journal of pathology · May 2025 · narrative review
mucinous ovarian carcinoma
This narrative review summarizes pathological, epidemiological and molecular evidence about the cellular origins of mucinous ovarian carcinoma (MOC). The authors propose a model distinguishing Müllerian-type from gastrointestinal-type mucinous differentiation and outline possible origins including teratoma-derived tumours, lesions associated with Brenner tumours/Walthard nests, mucinous metaplasia in Müllerian tumours, and gastrointestinal metaplasia of ovarian inclusions. The model is hypothetical and the authors state it requires validation and mechanistic study.
Key findings
- MOC is a rare histotype of epithelial ovarian cancer and its cellular origin is not well established.
- The review distinguishes Müllerian from gastrointestinal-type mucinous differentiation.
- A small proportion of gastrointestinal-type mucinous tumours arise from teratoma.
- Some gastrointestinal mucinous tumours are associated with Brenner tumours and arise from associated benign lesions (Walthard nests).
- Other mucinous tumours may develop through mucinous metaplasia in established Müllerian tumours or via gastrointestinal metaplasia of epithelial or mesothelial ovarian inclusions.
- The proposed model remains to be validated and its mechanistic basis is not yet understood.
Limitations: Narrative review — no new primary experimental or clinical data presented.; Proposed model is hypothetical and unvalidated according to the authors.; Mechanistic pathways underlying the model are not established.; MOC is a rare tumour type, limiting the available direct evidence (as noted in the abstract)..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jul 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Human · observationalMechanismReported negativeLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 406
Pathology, research and practice · Apr 2025 · retrospective study
ovarian mucinous tumormucinous ovarian carcinomaborderline mucinous tumor
Investigators retrospectively reviewed slides from 406 patients (417 tumors) with primary ovarian mucinous tumors to look for mesonephric-like components and performed immunohistochemistry (GATA3, TTF-1) on suspicious areas. They found 64 cases with morphology that could be considered mesonephric-like, but only two foci were TTF-1 positive and one showed weak focal GATA3 staining, which the authors judged nonspecific. Overall, they report no associated mesonephric-like components in this series and conclude such association is probably too rare to support a mesonephric origin.
Reported effects: patients_included 406, n=406 · mean age at diagnosis 47.4, n=406 · +10 more
Key findings
- Included 406 patients with primary ovarian mucinous tumors (417 tumors, 15 bilateral cases).
- Tumor breakdown: 305 mucinous cystadenomas/cystadenofibromas, 84 borderline mucinous tumors, 28 mucinous carcinomas.
- Associated Brenner tumors present in 16 cases and teratomas in 8 cases.
- Morphological analysis revealed 64 cases with a component that could be considered mesonephric-like.
- Two of these were TTF-1 positive and one of them expressed GATA3 weakly and very focally; these were interpreted as non-specific for mesonephric differentiation.
- Conclusion: no associated mesonephric-like components identified in this series; such association is likely too rare to imply a role in histogenesis.
Limitations: Retrospective study design; Immunohistochemical analysis limited to two markers (GATA3 and TTF-1) as reported in the abstract; Interpretation of mesonephric-like differentiation and IHC positivity described as non-specific, which is subjective; No molecular/genetic testing reported in the abstract to further characterize suspicious foci.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Sep 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed