These are reviewed studies whose abstracts concern Breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC). Each describes only what that study reported. This is not a claim by OncoForge that any compound helps or harms Breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC). Most are early lab, animal, or small human studies, and findings often conflict.
ReviewMechanismInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early human
Cells · Aug 2025 · review
uterine serous carcinomaendometrial cancerbreast cancer
This is a narrative review of HER2/neu as a signaling and therapeutic marker in uterine serous carcinoma (USC). It summarizes HER2 expression and amplification in USC, compares USC HER2 features to breast cancer, evaluates preclinical and clinical evidence for HER2-directed therapies (including monoclonal antibodies and ADCs), and discusses possible mechanisms of resistance.
Studied with: monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, chemotherapy.
Key findings
- HER2/neu coordinates cell growth and differentiation and when overexpressed and/or amplified its downstream tyrosine kinase can become constitutively activated, causing dysregulated gene transcription.
- HER2/neu has been successfully targeted in breast cancer with monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates.
- Use of HER2-directed therapies in gynecologic malignancies has been slower, in part due to unique characteristics of HER2 protein expression and gene amplification in USC such as major heterogeneity and lack of apical staining compared to breast cancer.
- Optimal testing algorithms for HER2/neu status in USC may have important implications for developing targeted therapies.
- The review evaluates efficacy of HER2-directed therapies in both preclinical and clinical settings and discusses possible mechanisms of resistance.
Limitations: Narrative review rather than original experimental or systematic/meta-analytic data.; Abstract contains no quantitative results or study-level sample sizes.; Conclusions depend on heterogeneous preclinical and clinical studies in the literature rather than a single controlled dataset.; Field limitations noted (e.g., heterogeneity of HER2 expression in USC) may limit generalizability of testing and therapeutic approaches..
Reviews HER2/neu expression and the potential of HER2-directed therapies in uterine serous carcinoma, with attention to diagnostic testing and resistance.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Animal studyReported positivePreclinical onlyTier 2 · animal
Nature communications · Aug 2025 · xenograft antitumor assays
neuroblastomarhabdomyosarcomacolorectal carcinomamelanomaovarian carcinomabreast carcinoma
This study tested a humanized antibody-drug conjugate called CDX0239-PBD in ALK-expressing cancer models. In cell lines, it was taken up by ALK-positive neuroblastoma cells and killed them in a way that depended on surface ALK expression. In mouse xenograft models, it produced strong antitumor activity and complete responses were maintained in several ALK-expressing cancers.
Key findings
- ALK RNA, protein, and tumor cell surface expression was elevated in multiple pediatric and adult malignancies with minimal expression in childhood normal tissues.
- CDX0239-PBD was internalized in ALK-expressing neuroblastoma cell lines with cell surface expression-dependent cytotoxicity.
- CDX0239-PBD exhibited potent antitumor efficacy including maintained complete responses in ALK-expressing patient and cell line-derived neuroblastoma, fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma, and colorectal carcinoma xenograft models.
Limitations: Preclinical study only; no human treatment data are reported in the abstract.; Efficacy was shown in cell lines and xenograft mouse models, which may not predict clinical benefit.; No quantitative effect sizes, dosing details, or toxicity results are provided in the abstract..
The abstract describes a preclinical anticancer antibody-drug conjugate targeting ALK-expressing tumors.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Human · observationalSupportive careMixed resultsModerate evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 267586
Journal of the National Cancer Institute · Aug 2025 · prospective cohort study
Supportive carecervical cancerHodgkin lymphomaprostate cancerbreast cancercolorectal cancerlung cancerendometrial canceroral cavity and pharynx cancerkidney cancerovarian cancersarcomamelanomaleukemia
Researchers followed participants in three large prospective cohorts for up to 36 years to examine whether a cancer diagnosis was associated with later atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). They documented 4,334 new ASCVD events among 49,603 incident cancer cases and found that cervical cancer and Hodgkin lymphoma were associated with higher ASCVD risk, prostate cancer with slightly lower risk, and that ASCVD risk trajectories over time varied by cancer type (for example, breast cancer survivors had lower ASCVD risk for the first 7.5 years, then risk increased).
Reported effects: new-onset ASCVD events among incident cancer cases 4334, n=49603 · cervical cancer HR 1.56 [1.06–2.29] · +6 more
Key findings
- During up to 36 years of follow-up, 4,334 new-onset ASCVD events among 49,603 incident cancer cases were documented.
- Cervical cancer was associated with increased ASCVD incidence (HR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.06 to 2.29).
- Hodgkin lymphoma was associated with increased ASCVD incidence (HR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.89 to 4.15).
- Prostate cancer was associated with lower ASCVD incidence (HR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.85 to 0.97).
- Breast cancer survivors experienced lower ASCVD risk during the first 7.5 years after diagnosis, but risk gradually increased afterward (Pnonlinearity = .01).
- ASCVD risk increased over time among patients with cancers of the colorectum (P = .003), lung (P = .002), and endometrium (P = .04).
- No statistically significant association with ASCVD risk was observed for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, kidney, or ovary; sarcoma; melanoma; or leukemia.
Limitations: Observational cohort design cannot establish causality.; Potential for residual confounding despite multivariable adjustment.; Cohorts consist of nurses and health professionals, which may limit generalizability to other populations.; Abstract does not report details on cancer stage or treatments, which could influence ASCVD risk..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Human · observationalReported positiveModerate evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 4332
JAMA oncology · Apr 2024 · International longitudinal cohort study
breast cancerovarian cancerperitoneal cancer
This international cohort study followed 4,332 women with pathogenic BRCA1 or BRCA2 variants (no prior cancer) to evaluate whether self-reported bilateral oophorectomy was associated with mortality. After a mean 9.0 years, oophorectomy was associated with lower age-adjusted all-cause mortality (HR 0.32); HRs were 0.28 for BRCA1 and 0.43 for BRCA2 carriers. Estimated cumulative all-cause mortality to age 75 was lower for women who had oophorectomy at age 35 versus those who did not (BRCA1: 25% vs 62%; BRCA2: 14% vs 28%).
Reported effects: cohort_size 4332, n=4332 · deaths_total 228, n=4332 · +5 more
Key findings
- Cohort included 4,332 women (mean age, 42.6 years); 2,932 (67.8%) underwent preventive oophorectomy at a mean age of 45.4 years.
- After mean follow-up of 9.0 years, 851 women developed cancer and 228 died (57 ovarian/fallopian tube cancer, 58 breast cancer, 16 peritoneal cancer, 97 other causes).
- Age-adjusted HR for all-cause mortality associated with oophorectomy: 0.32 (95% CI, 0.24-0.42; P < .001).
- Age-adjusted HR for all-cause mortality for BRCA1: 0.28 (95% CI, 0.20-0.38; P < .001); for BRCA2: 0.43 (95% CI, 0.22-0.90; P = .03).
- Estimated cumulative all-cause mortality to age 75 for oophorectomy at age 35 versus no oophorectomy: BRCA1 25% vs 62%; BRCA2 14% vs 28%.
Limitations: Observational cohort design with no randomization, so results may be affected by confounding.; Oophorectomy status was self-reported via questionnaire.; Potential for residual confounding or selection bias not addressed in the abstract.; Mean follow-up of 9.0 years may limit capture of longer-term outcomes..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jul 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Human · observationalMechanismReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 500
Biochemical genetics · Dec 2023 · Retrospective computational analysis of TCGA and TCGASpliceSeq RNA-seq and ASE data
prostate adenocarcinomabreast cancer
The authors analyzed RNA-seq and alternative splicing event data for 500 prostate adenocarcinoma patients from TCGA and used LASSO regression to select five genes to build a prognostic prediction model. The model showed good reliability by ROC analysis and was significant in both univariate and multivariate Cox regression (both P<0.001). They constructed a putative splicing regulatory network and report that HSPB1 up-regulating PIP5K1C-46,721-AT (P<0.001) may be linked to tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis via Alzheimer’s-disease-pathway members (SRC, EGFR, MAPT, APP, PRKCA) (P<0.001).
Reported effects: sample_size 500, n=500 · Cox regression p-value, p <0.001 · +2 more
Key findings
- RNA sequencing data and ASEs data from 500 PRAD patients were retrieved from TCGA and TCGASpliceSeq.
- Five genes were selected by LASSO regression to construct a prognostic prediction model.
- The prediction model had good reliability on ROC analysis (ROC curve reported as supportive in abstract).
- Both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses confirmed prognostic efficacy of the model (both P<0.001).
- A splicing regulatory network was proposed and, after multiple-database validation, HSPB1 up-regulating PIP5K1C-46,721-AT was associated with PRAD progression (P<0.001).
- The authors suggest involvement of key members of the Alzheimer's disease pathway (SRC, EGFR, MAPT, APP, PRKCA) in this axis (P<0.001).
Limitations: Retrospective computational analysis of public datasets (TCGA/TCGASpliceSeq) without prospective clinical validation reported.; No experimental (in vitro or in vivo) functional validation of the proposed splicing events or regulatory axis is reported in the abstract.; Prognostic model performance details (e.g., AUC values, independent external cohort performance metrics) are not provided in the abstract.; Associations reported are correlative and the proposed mechanistic links are speculative based on database analyses..
This study identifies alternative splicing events and builds a prognostic splicing-signature/model associated with metastasis and prognosis in prostate adenocarcinoma using TCGA data.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Case reportInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 1
Cureus · Oct 2023 · case report
primary small cell carcinoma of the breast
This is a single-patient case report of a 55-year-old woman diagnosed with primary small cell carcinoma of the breast. Imaging (MRI and PET) showed no metastatic disease. She underwent two lumpectomies with neoadjuvant chemotherapy given between procedures because of recurrent positive margins, then ultimately a left mastectomy followed by postoperative radiation. The authors highlight the management challenges and the lack of standardized treatment protocols for this rare tumor.
Studied with: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy.
Key findings
- Primary small cell carcinoma of the breast is rare and aggressive.
- Biopsy showed poorly differentiated neuroendocrine small cell carcinoma.
- MRI and PET imaging excluded metastatic disease in this patient.
- The patient had recurrent positive margins after lumpectomy, received neoadjuvant chemotherapy between lumpectomies, and ultimately underwent left mastectomy.
- Postoperative radiation therapy was administered after mastectomy.
- The report emphasizes the need for standardized treatment models for PSCCB patients.
Limitations: Single-case report (n=1), so findings are not generalizable.; No details provided on chemotherapy regimen, doses, or timing.; No quantitative outcomes reported (no follow-up duration, recurrence status, or survival data).; No control or comparator; observational description only..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Case reportMechanismReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 1
Journal of medical case reports · Aug 2023 · case report
PaclitaxelCarboplatinOlaparibfallopian tube cancerhigh-grade serous carcinomabreast cancerovarian neoplasmshereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome A 72-year-old woman underwent hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for presumed benign disease; detailed pathology revealed incidental high-grade serous carcinoma of the right fallopian tube. Staging surgery found a single para-aortic node metastasis, a germline BRCA2 mutation was detected, she received six courses of paclitaxel plus carboplatin followed by maintenance olaparib, and she was disease-free 18 months after surgery.
Reported effects: adjuvant chemotherapy courses 6, n=1 · disease-free at 18 mo, n=1
Studied with: paclitaxel and carboplatin.
Key findings
- Incidental detection of high-grade serous carcinoma of the right fallopian tube on detailed pathological examination.
- Staging laparotomy confirmed a single para-aortic lymph node metastasis (FIGO Stage IIIA1(i)).
- Postoperative detection of a germline BRCA2 mutation and diagnosis of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome.
- Patient received adjuvant therapy: six courses of paclitaxel and carboplatin followed by maintenance olaparib.
- Patient was free of disease 18 months after surgery.
Limitations: Single-patient case report (n=1) limits generalizability.; No control or comparison group to assess treatment effect.; Relatively short follow-up (reported disease-free status at 18 months only).; No dosing details provided for chemotherapy or olaparib in the abstract..
Illustrates that detailed pathologic examination and accurate staging can identify occult fallopian tube cancer and that germline BRCA2 testing may inform use of maintenance PARP inhibitor therapy.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jul 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
OtherSupportive careInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early human
Cancers · Mar 2023
Supportive carebreast cancer
This editorial discusses the role of the clinical breast exam in the diagnosis and surveillance of benign and malignant breast disease. It states that a thorough breast exam is an important clinical skill and that, when used with other evaluation methods, it provides important information for workup and management. The authors note that screening recommendations vary, but many guidelines agree a clinical breast exam is warranted for women with abnormal mammography findings and as part of annual screening for some women at increased risk.
Key findings
- A clinical breast exam is an important skill for medical practitioners and is a key step in diagnosis and surveillance of benign and malignant breast diseases.
- When used as part of a multimodal evaluation, the breast exam provides important information used in workup and management.
- Recommendations for breast cancer screening intervals and tests vary across guidelines.
- Many guidelines agree that a clinical breast exam is warranted for women with abnormal findings on mammography and as part of annual screening for certain groups of women at increased risk for breast cancer.
Limitations: Editorial rather than original research — no methods, data, or statistical analyses presented.; No sample size, patient cohort, or empirical outcomes reported.; Conclusions reflect expert commentary or synthesis rather than primary evidence..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
OtherMechanismReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 10
PloS one · Dec 2022 · RAND/UCLA modified Delphi panel
stomachesophaguslungurothelial tractmelanomaovarysarcomabladdercervixbreastcolon/rectumkidneyuterusanushead and neckliver/intrahepatic bile ductgallbladderpancreasprostatethyroid
Ten practicing oncologists used a RAND/UCLA modified Delphi panel to rate 20 solid tumor types for potential clinical benefit from a hypothetical annual multi-cancer screening blood test. Cancers judged to progress quickly but be more curable at early stages (e.g., stomach, esophagus, lung, melanoma, ovary, sarcoma, bladder, cervix, breast, colon/rectum, kidney, uterus, anus, head and neck) were rated most likely to benefit. Cancers judged to progress quickly but with lower early-stage cure rates (liver/intrahepatic bile duct, gallbladder, pancreas) were rated as having medium likelihood of benefit. Prostate and thyroid, judged to progress more slowly and be curable regardless of stage, were rated as having limited likelihood of benefit.
Key findings
- Expert ratings identified a group of cancers estimated most likely to benefit from a hypothetical annual multi-cancer screening blood test: stomach, esophagus, lung, urothelial tract, melanoma, ovary, sarcoma, bladder, cervix, breast, colon/rectum, kidney, uterus, anus, head and neck.
- Cancers rated as progressing quickly but with comparatively lower cure rates in earlier stages (liver/intrahepatic bile duct, gallbladder, pancreas) were estimated to have medium likelihood of benefit.
- Cancers rated as progressing more slowly and having higher curability regardless of stage (prostate, thyroid) were estimated to have limited likelihood of benefit.
- The panel concluded most solid tumors have a likelihood of benefit from early detection and that early-stage detection was believed to be beneficial even among difficult-to-treat cancers (e.g., pancreas, liver/intrahepatic bile duct, gallbladder).
- The 20 solid tumors evaluated represent >40 AJCC-identified cancer types and 80% of total cancer incidence (as stated in abstract).
Limitations: Small expert panel (10 oncologists) — results reflect opinions of a limited number of experts.; Delphi consensus of expert opinion rather than empirical patient-level outcomes or clinical trial data.; Assessment based on a hypothetical annual multi-cancer screening blood test rather than an evaluated diagnostic with measured performance.; No patient data, clinical endpoints, or real-world screening test performance reported in this study..
Expert consensus assessing which solid tumor types might gain clinical benefit from earlier detection via a hypothetical multi-cancer blood screening test.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
ReviewInconclusiveModerate evidenceTier 4 · clinical
Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America · Mar 2022 · narrative review
breast cancer
This narrative review summarizes diagnosis, staging, and treatment of breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy or within the first postpartum year (pregnancy-associated breast cancer). The authors note that breast cancer is a common malignancy in pregnancy and that incidence is increasing as more women delay childbearing. The article provides an overview of management and discusses recommendations for caring for these patients from diagnosis through survivorship.
Key findings
- Pregnancy-associated breast cancer is defined as breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy or in the first postpartum year.
- Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies to occur during pregnancy.
- The incidence of breast cancer in pregnancy is increasing as more women delay childbearing.
- The article provides an overview of diagnosis, staging, and treatment and discusses management recommendations for pregnancy-associated breast cancer.
Limitations: Narrative review rather than primary research—no new patient-level data reported.; Abstract does not describe methods, evidence grading, or whether the review was systematic.; No quantitative outcomes or effect sizes reported in the abstract.; Recommendations and conclusions in the review are not linked to specific data or trials in the abstract..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed
ReviewMechanismMixed resultsModerate evidenceTier 4 · clinical
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · Feb 2022 · Literature review of Mendelian randomization studies (search to May 2021)
breast cancer (estrogen receptor-positive)ovarian cancer (endometrioid)
This is a literature review of Mendelian randomization (MR) studies examining causes and consequences of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), based on a search to May 2021. The review reports that MR evidence suggests factors such as obesity, testosterone, fasting insulin, SHBG, menopause timing, male-pattern balding, and depression may causally influence PCOS, while PCOS itself may increase risk of estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer, decrease risk of endometrioid ovarian cancer, and has no direct causal effect on type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, or stroke.
Key findings
- MR studies suggest obesity, testosterone levels, fasting insulin, serum sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations, menopause timing, male-pattern balding, and depression may play a causal role in PCOS.
- MR evidence summarized in the review indicates PCOS may increase risk of estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer.
- MR evidence summarized in the review indicates PCOS may decrease risk of endometrioid ovarian cancer.
- MR analyses reported in the review found no direct causal effect of PCOS on type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, or stroke.
Limitations: This work is a review and does not present new primary data; conclusions depend on the quality and availability of underlying GWAS and MR studies.; Search was limited to studies available up to May 2021.; Mendelian randomization analyses rely on assumptions (valid genetic instruments, absence of horizontal pleiotropy) that, if violated, can bias causal inference.; Heterogeneity in genetic instruments, populations, and outcome definitions across included MR studies may limit generalizability..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
ReviewInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 4 · clinical
British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005) · Feb 2022
breast cancer
This is a narrative review summarising breast cancer pathology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, referral pathways and management in the UK. The authors note that breast cancer is the most common global malignancy and the leading cause of cancer deaths, and that limited undergraduate and postgraduate exposure can impair clinicians' ability to recognise, assess and refer patients. The article also describes how to perform a thorough clinical breast examination.
Key findings
- Breast cancer is described as the most common global malignancy and the leading cause of cancer deaths.
- Undergraduate and postgraduate exposure to breast cancer is limited, which impacts clinicians' ability to accurately recognise, assess and refer appropriate patients.
- The article provides a comprehensive review of pathology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, referral pathways and management of breast cancer in the UK.
- The review describes how to conduct a thorough clinical breast examination.
Limitations: Review article—no original or primary data reported in this abstract.; Scope described is UK-focused, which may limit generalisability to other health systems.; Abstract does not state whether this is a systematic review or the methods used to select evidence..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed