These are reviewed studies whose abstracts concern Uterine Carcinosarcoma. Each describes only what that study reported. This is not a claim by OncoForge that any compound helps or harms Uterine Carcinosarcoma. Most are early lab, animal, or small human studies, and findings often conflict.
Human · observationalMechanismMixed resultsLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 9
Translational oncology · Nov 2025
uterine carcinosarcoma
The authors performed multi-omic profiling (whole-genome sequencing, RNA-seq, and enzymatic methylation sequencing) on microdissected epithelial and mesenchymal components from uterine carcinosarcoma samples, and assessed the tumour microenvironment with multiplex immunohistochemistry and computational pathology. They found low median tumor mutation burden, frequent TP53 mutations and recurrent copy-number amplifications, broadly similar genomic and epigenomic profiles between epithelial and mesenchymal regions, global hypomethylation with different pathway enrichment in each component, and higher tumour-associated macrophage and PD-L1+ cell density in the mesenchymal component. The study is descriptive and based on a small number of cases.
Reported effects: median TMB 0.97, n=18 · TP53 mutation frequency 94%, n=18 · +9 more
Key findings
- WGS and EM-seq of 18 samples from 9 patients revealed a low tumor mutation burden (TMB; median = 0.97 mutations/Mb) and no evidence of microsatellite instability (MSI).
- Driver mutations were identified in TP53 (94 %), PIK3CA (33 %), and PPP2R1A (22 %).
- Copy-number analysis revealed recurrent amplifications of MYC (67 %), PIK3CA (61 %), CCNE1 (56 %), AKT2 (44 %), and SMARCA4 (39 %).
- Comparative analysis of the epithelial (C) and mesenchymal (S) regions revealed no significant differences in mutation frequency, copy-number, transcriptomic and methylomic profiles.
- Both regions exhibited global hypomethylation, with functional enrichment for xenobiotic metabolism pathways in C and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition pathways in S regions.
- Comparative mIHC performed on 21 cases showed similar T cell and B cell densities, but a higher density of tumour-associated macrophages and PD-L1+ cells in the S component.
- Computational morphologic analysis showed substantial histomorphologic heterogeneity within and across UCS cases.
Limitations: Small sequencing sample size (18 samples from 9 patients) limits generalizability.; Observational, descriptive study without functional validation of genomic/epigenomic findings.; No clinical outcome or treatment-response data reported to link molecular features to prognosis or therapy response.; mIHC analysis was performed on a separate/expanded cohort of 21 cases but remains limited in size.; Heterogeneity within tumors may limit ability to generalize findings from microdissected regions..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Human · observationalMixed resultsLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 97
International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society · Oct 2025 · multicenter retrospective study
uterine carcinosarcomaendometrial carcinosarcomaendometrial neoplasms
This multicenter retrospective study looked at 97 people with very early uterine carcinosarcoma that had not invaded the muscle layer of the uterus. The researchers compared outcomes by where the tumor was found and by whether patients received chemotherapy. Recurrence was common, mostly at distant sites, and the study did not find statistically significant survival differences with chemotherapy.
Reported effects: 5-year recurrence-free survival 63.5% [53.4–75.4], n=97 · overall survival 72% [62.6–82.9], n=97
Key findings
- 29 of 97 patients (29.9%) had a recurrence, mostly with a distant pattern of relapse.
- The 5-year recurrence-free survival was 63.5% and overall survival was 72.0%.
- No significant differences were observed in recurrence-free survival and overall survival based on tumor status.
- The difference in recurrence-free survival and overall survival was not statistically significant based on receipt of chemotherapy.
Limitations: Retrospective observational design; Rare disease with small sample size; Non-randomized treatment selection; Follow-up for survival analysis was limited to 5 years; Potential confounding by indication; No chemotherapy regimen, dose, or timing details provided in the abstract.
This study evaluates outcomes in a rare endometrial cancer subtype and compares adjuvant chemotherapy versus no chemotherapy after surgery.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
OtherMechanismReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 21
NPJ digital medicine · Jul 2025 · Proof-of-concept computational digital-twin development integrating institutional/published cases and literature-derived data
rare gynecological tumorsuterine carcinosarcoma
The authors developed a proof-of-concept large language model (LLM)-enabled digital twin that integrates clinical and biomarker data from 21 cases and 655 publications to generate tailored treatment plans. Applied to metastatic uterine carcinosarcoma, the system identified therapeutic options that might be missed by single-source analyses and efficiently modeled individual patient trajectories. The authors argue that defining tumors by biology rather than organ could enable more personalized care for rare gynecological tumors.
Reported effects: integrated_cases_n 21 · literature_publications_n 655
Key findings
- Developed an LLM-enabled digital twin integrating clinical and biomarker data from institutional and published cases (n = 21) and literature-derived data (n = 655 publications).
- Created tailored treatment plans for metastatic uterine carcinosarcoma using multi-source data integration.
- Identified treatment options potentially missed by traditional, single-source analysis.
- LLM-enabled digital twins can efficiently model individual patient trajectories.
- Shifting to a biology-based rather than organ-based tumor definition could enable more personalized care for rare gynecological tumors.
Limitations: Proof-of-concept computational study without prospective clinical validation.; Small number of integrated cases (n = 21).; No clinical outcomes or patient-level efficacy/safety data reported.; Relies on literature-derived data and published cases which may have heterogeneity and publication bias.; Abstract does not report external validation or comparison to standard-of-care decision processes..
Demonstrates a computational approach for biomarker-driven treatment matching in rare gynecological tumors using LLMs; clinical impact not evaluated in this study.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Human · observationalMechanismMixed resultsLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 51
Gynecologic oncology · Jul 2025 · observational genomic profiling of tumor samples
uterine carcinosarcoma
The authors performed next-generation sequencing of tumor DNA from 51 uterine carcinosarcoma patients, analyzing mutations, copy-number changes, microsatellite instability, tumor mutational burden, and homologous recombination deficiency. They found TP53 alterations were most frequent (88%), with PIK3CA (35%) and CCNE1 (33%) also common; most cases had a TP53-mutant profile, 11 were HR-deficient, and 7 samples had high TMB (≥16). Carcinoma and sarcoma components showed concordant gene variants but divergent copy-number changes, supporting a monoclonal origin. No molecular variables were statistically significant in survival analysis, but 45 cases (88%) harbored alterations that the authors considered potentially targetable by existing therapies.
Reported effects: n_included 51, n=51 · TP53_alteration_frequency 88%, n=51 · +9 more
Key findings
- Among 51 included patients, TP53 was most frequently altered (88%), followed by PIK3CA (35%) and CCNE1 (33%).
- Separate analysis of carcinoma and sarcoma components revealed concordant gene variants but divergent copy number variations.
- Based on molecular classification, the majority of the cases 44 (84.6%) had a TP53-mutant profile.
- Eleven cases were homologous recombination (HR) deficient.
- Seven samples (14%) had high tumor mutational burden (TMB ≥16).
- Key altered pathways were TP53, RTK/RAS, PI3K, and cell cycle pathways.
- Alterations that could serve as possible molecular targets for existing therapies were identified in 45 cases (88%).
- No molecular variables were statistically significant in the survival analysis.
Limitations: Observational genomic profiling without an interventional component.; Modest sample size (51 patients), limiting statistical power.; Survival analysis found no statistically significant molecular associations.; Carcinoma and sarcoma components were analyzed separately only "when possible," implying incomplete paired-component data in some cases.; Clinical impact of the identified potentially targetable alterations was not tested in patients (no interventional/therapeutic data)..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed
Animal studyReported positivePreclinical onlyTier 2 · animaln = 72
Gynecologic oncology · Jun 2025 · archival tissue analysis plus patient-derived organoid and xenograft preclinical study
This study looked at TROP2 levels in uterine carcinosarcoma samples and tested the TROP2-targeting antibody-drug conjugate sacituzumab govitecan in patient-derived organoid and xenograft models. Most tumors had detectable TROP2, and the organoid models responded to the drug in a dose-dependent way. In two xenograft models, tumor volume was lower with sacituzumab govitecan than without it.
Reported effects: TROP2 expression in primary UCSs 90%, n=72 · Higher TROP2 expression by histologic subtype, p p < 0.001 and p = 0.022, n=72 · +2 more
Key findings
- TROP2 protein and mRNA were detected in at least 90% of primary uterine carcinosarcomas.
- Tumors with a predominant carcinomatous component or homologous differentiation had higher TROP2 expression than those with predominant sarcomatous component or heterologous differentiation.
- All 9 uterine carcinosarcoma organoid models responded in a dose-dependent manner to sacituzumab govitecan.
- Both xenograft models showed significant reduction in tumor volume with sacituzumab govitecan.
Limitations: Preclinical study; findings are from archival tissues, organoids, and mouse xenografts, not patients.; Only 2 xenograft models were tested.; No clinical outcomes, safety data, or survival data in humans were reported.; The abstract does not provide dosing details or treatment duration..
Supports preclinical exploration of TROP2-targeted therapy in uterine carcinosarcoma.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
ReviewMechanismMixed resultsModerate evidenceTier 4 · clinical
International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society · Mar 2025 · Review
uterine serous carcinomauterine carcinosarcoma
This is a narrative review summarizing recent evidence on molecular classification, biomarkers, and new treatment approaches for uterine serous carcinoma and uterine carcinosarcoma. The authors highlight biomarkers such as HER2, TP53, and mismatch repair deficiency/microsatellite instability, discuss circulating tumor DNA and precision-based treatment options, and note survival disparities for non-Hispanic Black and other underserved minority patients. They conclude that continuing to prioritize biomarker-driven therapies and developing novel treatments through clinical trials — integrated with surgery and cytotoxic chemotherapy — is necessary.
Reported effects: proportion_of_cases 15% · proportion_of_deaths 50%
Key findings
- Uterine serous carcinoma and uterine carcinosarcoma are rare but account for a disproportionate share of endometrial cancer deaths.
- These subtypes have a high likelihood of metastasis and multisite recurrence and are biologically distinct from other endometrial cancers.
- The review analyzes the role of biomarkers including HER2, TP53, and mismatch repair deficiency/microsatellite instability and their influence on treatment strategies and surveillance.
- Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is discussed as a potential tool.
- Novel precision-based treatment options are described and the authors call for continued development of biomarker-driven therapies through clinical trials.
- Disparate survival outcomes for non-Hispanic Black and other underserved minority patients are identified, and strategies to improve their outcomes are discussed.
Limitations: Narrative review rather than primary research; no new experimental or trial data presented in the abstract.; Abstract provides no methods, search strategy, or inclusion criteria (potential selection bias).; Rare tumor subtypes mean available evidence is likely limited and heterogeneous (implicit limitation).; No quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis) or new clinical outcome data reported in the abstract..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Human · observationalReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 10
BMC cancer · Dec 2024 · retrospective cohort
Trastuzumab-deruxtecan-t-dxdTrastuzumab-deruxtecanendometrial neoplasmsovarian neoplasmscervical neoplasmsuterine carcinosarcomauterine leiomyosarcomauterine serous carcinomaovarian carcinosarcomahigh-grade serous ovarian carcinomamucinous ovarian carcinomasquamous cervical carcinoma This retrospective single-center study identified 10 patients with HER2-expressing (IHC 2+/3+) recurrent or metastatic gynecological cancers who received trastuzumab deruxtecan (5.4 mg/kg IV every 3 weeks). The cohort had a median progression-free survival of 5.4 months (95% CI 0.8-9.8). Five patients had a partial response, one had stable disease at 12 weeks, and four had disease progression at initial assessment. Clinical benefit was observed mainly in tumors with HER2 IHC 3+.
Reported effects: median PFS 5.4 mo [0.8–9.8], n=10 · partial responses 5, n=10 · +2 more
Key findings
- 10 patients with recurrent/metastatic HER2-expressing gynecological malignancies were treated with T-DXd.
- Histologies included uterine neoplasms (n=5), cervical squamous carcinoma (n=1) and ovarian cancers (n=4).
- Median age was 65.4 years (25th-75th percentile, 58.1-75.2 years).
- HER2 by IHC: 5 patients were 3+ and 5 patients were 2+.
- Median number of prior therapy lines was 4 (range 2-6); 2 uterine serous carcinoma patients were pretreated with trastuzumab and 4 patients had prior immunotherapy.
- Dose: T-DXd 5.4 mg/kg IV every 3 weeks until progression/toxicity.
- Median progression-free survival (PFS) in the cohort was 5.4 months (95% CI 0.8-9.8 months).
- Responses: 5 patients had partial response (including 2 previously treated with trastuzumab), 1 patient had stable disease at 12 weeks, 4 patients had disease progression at initial assessment.
- Most patients who derived clinical benefit had HER2 IHC 3+ expression.
Limitations: Retrospective, single-center design; Very small sample size (n=10); No control or comparator arm; Heterogeneous mix of gynecologic histologies; Heavily pre-treated population limits generalizability; Limited/absent reporting of safety or adverse event data in the abstract; Potential selection and reporting bias inherent to retrospective series.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Case reportInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 1
International journal of surgery case reports · Aug 2024 · case report
endometrial carcinosarcomauterine carcinosarcoma
This case report describes a 73-year-old woman who presented with a palpable left breast-tail mass; imaging showed enlarged left axillary lymph nodes with no breast primary. Excisional biopsy of the node showed metastatic disease of gynecologic origin and subsequent pelvic imaging and D&C diagnosed endometrial carcinosarcoma. The authors state this may be the first reported instance of isolated axillary lymph node metastasis from uterine carcinosarcoma presenting without pelvic or abdominal nodal involvement.
Key findings
- Patient: 73-year-old woman presented with a left breast tail palpable mass.
- Breast imaging (sonomammography and MRI) revealed multiple enlarged left axillary lymph nodes with malignant criteria but no suspected malignancy in either breast on imaging.
- Excisional biopsy of an axillary lymph node diagnosed axillary lymph node metastasis from a gynecologic origin.
- Abdominopelvic CT and pelvic MRI identified a suspicious endometrial mass; D&C pathology revealed endometrial carcinosarcoma.
- Authors note this could be the first reported case of isolated axillary lymph node metastasis from uterine carcinosarcoma presenting as the initial symptom without pelvic or abdominal lymph node involvement.
Limitations: Single-patient case report limits generalizability.; No long-term follow-up or outcome data are provided in the abstract.; No systematic comparison group or epidemiologic data.; No mechanistic or molecular analyses reported in the abstract..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
ReviewMechanismInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 4 · clinical
Clinical advances in hematology & oncology : H&O · Jul 2024
endometrial canceruterine serous carcinomauterine carcinosarcoma
This is a narrative review summarizing genomic and molecular features of uterine serous carcinoma (USC) and uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS). The authors note that USC and UCS are a small but increasing fraction of endometrial cancers and contribute disproportionately to endometrial cancer mortality, and that both subtypes have poor prognoses. The review summarizes clinical advances in primary advanced and recurrent disease and discusses emerging molecularly driven treatment strategies.
Key findings
- Endometrial cancer, including high-grade subtypes, has a rising incidence and mortality.
- Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) and uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS) account for a small but increasing proportion of endometrial cancer cases and a significant portion of endometrial cancer mortality.
- USC and UCS are molecularly and clinically distinct but both have a poor prognosis.
- There have been few therapeutic strategies directed specifically at these endometrial cancer subtypes to date.
- The review summarizes genomic/molecular features, clinical advances for primary advanced and recurrent disease, and novel molecularly driven treatment strategies.
Limitations: Review article only — does not present new, patient-level primary data.; Abstract does not indicate this is a systematic review or meta-analysis, so selection and synthesis methods are not described.; Does not report specific quantitative efficacy data or comparative clinical trial results in the abstract..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed
Case reportMixed resultsLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 1
BMJ case reports · Feb 2024 · case report
uterine carcinosarcomaspinal cord (intramedullary) metastasisspinal cord neoplasms
This case report describes a woman in her late 70s with uterine carcinosarcoma who developed an intramedullary spinal cord metastasis. The spinal lesion did not respond to radiotherapy but showed a favorable response following surgical debulking. The authors state this is the first reported case of uterine carcinosarcoma metastasizing to the spinal cord.
Key findings
- Intramedullary spinal cord metastases (ISCM) are a rare manifestation of metastatic cancer with severe impacts on neurological function, survival expectancy, and quality of life.
- Uterine carcinosarcoma is rare, accounting for less than 3% of all uterine cancers, and has a poor prognosis with only one-third of patients surviving beyond 5 years.
- There are no previous reports of uterine carcinosarcoma metastases to the spinal cord.
- In this reported case the intramedullary metastasis was refractory to radiotherapy and responded favorably to surgical debulking.
Limitations: Single-patient case report — findings may not generalize.; No control or comparison group.; Follow-up duration and quantitative outcome measures are not provided in the abstract.; Cannot establish causality or comparative effectiveness from a single observational case..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jul 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Case reportReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 1
BMJ case reports · Dec 2023 · case report
This is a case report of a woman in her 60s with uterine carcinosarcoma showing immature teratoid-like differentiation who underwent total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy followed by postoperative paclitaxel and carboplatin. Pathology showed mixed carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements with immature squamous epithelial cells and immature epithelial glands, and the final diagnosis was uterine carcinosarcoma with immature teratoid-like differentiation. At 14 months after surgery the patient had not experienced recurrence.
Key findings
- The tumour showed heterogeneous histology with both carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements and teratoid features.
- Microscopy identified immature squamous epithelial cells and immature epithelial glands; focal atypical fused glands consistent with endometrioid carcinoma were identified in the endometrium.
- Differential diagnosis included extrarenal Wilms' tumour and teratocarcinosarcoma; final diagnosis was uterine carcinosarcoma with immature teratoid-like differentiation.
- The patient underwent total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy and received postoperative paclitaxel and carboplatin.
- At 14 months after surgery the patient had not experienced recurrence.
Limitations: Single patient case report (n=1), so findings are not generalizable.; No control or comparator group.; Follow-up limited to 14 months as reported in the abstract; longer-term outcome unknown.; No quantitative outcome measures or statistical analysis reported in the abstract..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jul 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
ReviewMechanismInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 4 · clinical
Cancers · Aug 2023
uterine serous carcinomauterine carcinosarcoma
This is a review article summarizing clinical and preclinical evidence about HER2 as a molecular target in two rare uterine cancers (uterine serous carcinoma and uterine carcinosarcoma). The authors report that HER2 protein overexpression and/or ERBB2 gene amplification occurs in roughly 30–35% of uterine serous carcinoma and about 15–20% of uterine carcinosarcoma, and they describe ongoing clinical trials of HER2-targeting therapies. The review frames the need for targeted therapeutics because traditional platinum-based chemotherapy has low effectiveness and high rates of resistance and recurrence in these cancers.
Key findings
- USC and UCS are rare histologic variants of uterine carcinoma with aggressive metastatic potential.
- Traditional platinum-based chemotherapy has low effectivity and high rates of resistance and recurrence in USC and UCS.
- HER2 protein overexpression and/or c-ERBB2 gene amplification ranges from ~30 to 35% in USC.
- HER2 protein overexpression and/or c-ERBB2 gene amplification ranges from ~15 to 20% in UCS.
- The review summarizes existing clinical and preclinical evidence and ongoing clinical trials of HER2-targeting therapeutics and highlights areas for further development.
Limitations: Narrative review — does not present new primary, patient-level data.; USC and UCS are rare diseases, implying limited and potentially small studies available for synthesis.; Abstract indicates ongoing clinical trials, so many clinical results may not yet be mature or available..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text