Catalog entry human-reviewed · each study below is labeled with how it was published · How we review →
Auto-discovered from 1 recent study; not yet curated.
Animal studyMixed resultsPreclinical onlyTier 2 · animal
Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · Jan 2026 · High-throughput drug screening in organoid models performed in presence of cisplatin or eribulin, with validation of top combinations in OCS cell line, organoid and PDX models including in vivo PDX experiments.
Cisplatinovarian carcinosarcomahigh-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) The authors performed high-throughput drug screens in ovarian carcinosarcoma (OCS) organoid models and validated top combinations in a unique OCS cell line, organoid and PDX models. Eribulin combined with either an EGFR inhibitor (erlotinib) or a MEK inhibitor (mirdametinib/PD0325901) produced synergistic effects in some in vitro models, and modest survival improvements in vivo, but several PDX models exhibited resistance mechanisms (high ABCB1 expression or KRAS mutation) limiting efficacy.
Reported effects: models_with_synergy 2, n=4 · PDX_models_with_resistance 2, n=3
Studied with: erlotinib, mirdametinib, PD0325901, cisplatin.
Key findings
- High-throughput screens identified eribulin-based combinations as most effective in OCS organoid models, while cisplatin-based combinations were more effective in HGSOC models.
- Eribulin plus erlotinib or eribulin plus a MEK inhibitor (mirdametinib/PD0325901) were the most effective combinations in OCS models, with synergy seen in two out of four models for each combination.
- OCS models appear particularly reliant on EGFR and MAPK signalling in vitro, especially in tumours with TP53 mutation.
- In vivo (PDX) experiments showed only modest survival improvements for eribulin plus erlotinib, and two of three PDX models had resistance mechanisms (high ABCB1 or KRAS activating mutation).
- KRAS-mutant OCS cell lines and organoids were sensitive to dual EGFR/MAPK targeting, with greater synergy when eribulin was added as a third agent.
Limitations: Preclinical study using in vitro organoids, cell lines and PDX models; no human clinical data reported.; Only modest in vivo survival benefit reported.; Synergy was observed in a subset of models (e.g., two of four organoid models), indicating heterogeneity and limited generalizability.; A small number of PDX models were tested (three), and two showed resistance mechanisms limiting efficacy.; No doses, schedules, or safety/toxicity data in humans provided..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Sep 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Human trialTrialReported positiveStrong evidenceTier 4 · clinicaln = 415
The Lancet. Oncology · Dec 2024 · randomised, open-label, phase 3, multicentre trial
Cisplatinepithelial ovarian cancerrecurrent ovarian cancerhigh-grade serous ovarian cancerhigh-grade endometrioid ovarian cancer This multicentre, randomized phase 3 trial compared cytoreductive surgery with or without intraoperative hyperthermic intraperitoneal cisplatin (HIPEC) in 415 women with first relapse of epithelial ovarian cancer. At a median 6.2 years follow-up, HIPEC improved overall survival (stratified HR 0.73, p=0.024; median OS 54.3 vs 45.8 months) but was associated with higher rates of grade 3 or worse adverse events within 60 days (49% vs 27%).
Reported effects: stratified hazard ratio for overall survival 0.73 [0.56–0.96], p=0.024, n=415 · median overall survival 54.3 mo [41.9–61.7], n=415 · +7 more
Studied with: cytoreductive surgery, platinum-based chemotherapy, bevacizumab (optional), planned PARP inhibitor use (stratification).
Key findings
- 415 patients randomised: 207 to HIPEC and 208 to no HIPEC.
- Overall survival was significantly improved with HIPEC (stratified hazard ratio 0⋅73, 95% CI 0⋅56-0⋅96; p=0⋅024).
- Median overall survival was 54⋅3 months (95% CI 41⋅9-61⋅7) with HIPEC versus 45⋅8 months (38⋅9-54⋅2) without.
- At primary analysis 268 (65%) patients had died (126 [61%] of 207 in the HIPEC group; 142 [68%] of 208 in the no-HIPEC group).
- Grade 3 or worse adverse events within 60 days occurred in 102 (49%) of 207 receiving HIPEC versus 56 (27%) of 208 receiving no HIPEC; common events included anaemia (47 [23%] vs 30 [14%]), hepatotoxicity (23 [11%] vs 18 [9%]), electrolyte disturbance (28 [14%] vs two [1%]), and renal failure (20 [10%] vs three [1%]).
- There were three deaths within 60 days of surgery, all in the no-HIPEC group.
Limitations: Open-label design (no blinding).; Increased perioperative grade 3+ toxicity with HIPEC compared with no HIPEC.; Eligibility limited to patients with a first relapse ≥6 months after platinum-based chemotherapy who were amenable to complete cytoreduction; results may not generalise to other patient groups.; Optional use of bevacizumab and later planned PARP inhibitor use introduce heterogeneity in systemic therapy.; Conducted at specialist centres; generalisability to non-specialist settings is uncertain..
AI summary of the abstract, published automatically under the strong-evidence tier · Jun 2026; an editor has not yet reviewed it. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed
ReviewTrialInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 4 · clinicaln = 11
Revista colombiana de obstetricia y ginecologia · Jun 2024 · expert consensus / practice guideline based on literature review
This paper is an expert consensus, not a clinical study of a single drug. Eleven specialists reviewed the literature and issued recommendations for managing advanced or metastatic high-grade epithelial ovarian cancer, including surgery, chemotherapy, genetic testing, bevacizumab, and PARP inhibitors. It does not report new patient outcomes from a trial. The document mainly summarizes what the panel suggested based on existing guidelines and evidence.
Studied with: platinum-based chemotherapy, bevacizumab, paclitaxel, carboplatin.
Key findings
- The panel suggested primary cytoreductive surgery as the initial approach when complete resection is feasible.
- Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval surgery was suggested when complete cytoreduction is unlikely or the patient has poor functional status/comorbidities.
- Bevacizumab was suggested with platinum-based chemotherapy for high-risk disease, with maintenance only if it was part of first-line therapy.
- PARP inhibitors (olaparib, niraparib, rucaparib) were suggested as maintenance in selected BRCA/HRD-defined groups.
- For platinum-resistant relapse, sequential non-platinum single-agent chemotherapy and best supportive care for poor performance status were suggested.
Limitations: This is a consensus statement/practice guideline, not an original comparative trial.; No new efficacy or safety data are reported in the abstract.; Recommendations are based on literature review and expert agreement, so they are subject to guideline-selection and expert-opinion bias.; The abstract does not provide patient-level outcomes, follow-up, or effect estimates.; Several recommendations are conditional/suggested rather than based on direct evidence from this paper..
Provides management recommendations for advanced/metastatic epithelial ovarian cancer, including several anticancer agents and maintenance strategies.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
ReviewMechanismMixed resultsLimited evidenceTier 4 · clinical
Mutation research · Jan 2024 · narrative review
Cisplatinnon-small-cell lung cancerlung cancerNSCLC This narrative review summarizes platinum-based targeted chemotherapies in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with a focus on cisplatin. It describes the NSCLC tumor microenvironment, cisplatin's mechanism of action, mechanisms of cisplatin resistance in NSCLC, and strategies proposed to reverse that resistance.
Key findings
- Lung cancer is highly prevalent and has a poor prognosis; NSCLC recurrences are common after surgery.
- Cisplatin is described as the more active platinum drug recommended for patients with advanced NSCLC and for early-stage patients needing adjuvant therapy.
- The review covers the NSCLC microenvironment, treatment approaches, cisplatin mechanism of action, cisplatin resistance in NSCLC, and prevention strategies to revert drug resistance.
Limitations: Narrative review — no original experimental or clinical data are presented in the abstract.; Abstract does not describe review methods (e.g., search strategy, inclusion criteria) or any quantitative synthesis.; No numeric clinical outcomes or trial results are reported in the abstract..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed
Case reportReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 1
Diagnostic pathology · Sep 2023 · case report and literature review
This is a case report of a 34-year-old woman with a mixed germ cell tumor of the fallopian tube that included high-grade rhabdomyosarcoma components. She underwent extensive surgical resection followed by three cycles of BEP chemotherapy and one cycle of EP; at regular follow-up her tumor markers and imaging were normal and tumor-free survival reached 24 months.
Reported effect: tumor_free_survival 24 mo, n=1
Studied with: BEP (Bleomycin + Etoposide + Cisplatin), EP (Etoposide + Cisplatin).
Key findings
- Patient: 34-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain.
- Surgery performed: transabdominal resection of large left tubal masses, pelvic lymph node dissection, abdominal paraaortic lymph node dissection, right ovarian cyst excision, greater omentectomy, and multipoint peritoneal biopsy.
- Pathology: hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining used to characterize the tumor (mixed germ cell tumor with high-grade rhabdomyosarcoma component).
- Adjuvant chemotherapy: 3 cycles of BEP (Bleomycin + Etoposide + Cisplatin) and 1 cycle of EP (Etoposide + Cisplatin).
- Outcome: regular follow-up showed normal tumor markers and imaging, with tumor-free survival reaching 24 months.
Limitations: Single-patient case report — no control group and limited generalizability.; No dosing amounts/administration details for chemotherapy provided in the abstract.; Follow-up limited to 24 months as reported; longer-term outcomes beyond that are not reported in the abstract.; Outcomes from a single case cannot establish efficacy or safety of the treatment..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Human · observationalReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 58
Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · May 2023
The authors screened 58 individuals with uterine leiomyosarcoma for homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) and identified 5 cases (9%). All five accessed PARP inhibitor therapy; in three patients with mature follow-up two achieved a complete response or durable partial response after platinum was added to PARPi. In patient-derived xenografts, the PARP1-specific inhibitor AZD5305 produced the most rapid, complete and sustained responses compared with olaparib or olaparib plus cisplatin, including in a BRCA2-deleted PDX that had developed PARPi-resistance mutations.
Reported effects: WGS samples with COSMIC signature 3 13, n=13 · WGS samples with high genome-wide LOH (> 0.2) 11, n=13 · +4 more
Studied with: cisplatin.
Key findings
- All 13 uLMS samples analysed by WGS had a dominant COSMIC mutational signature 3.
- 11 of the 13 WGS samples had high genome-wide loss of heterozygosity (> 0.2).
- Only two WGS samples had a CHORD score > 50%; one of these had a homozygous pathogenic BRCA2 deletion.
- A further three samples harboured homozygous HRD alterations (all deletions in BRCA2) detected by WES or panel sequencing, giving 5/58 (9%) individuals with HRD uLMS.
- All five individuals with HRD gained access to PARPi therapy; two of three with mature clinical follow-up achieved a complete response or durable partial response after platinum was added to PARPi upon minor progression.
- In corresponding PDX models, AZD5305 produced the most rapid, complete and sustained responses compared with olaparib alone or olaparib plus cisplatin, including in a BRCA2-deleted PDX that had developed PARPi-resistance mutations in PRKDC (DNA-PKcs).
Limitations: Small number of HRD cases (5 of 58), with only three patients having mature clinical follow-up.; Non-randomized, observational access to PARPi in patients (no control arm reported).; PDX (preclinical) findings may not fully predict clinical efficacy.; Sequencing methods varied across samples (WGS, WES, panel), and some genomic HRD metrics (CHORD) were discordant.; No dosing, schedule, or detailed treatment-response durations provided in the abstract..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Lab · in vitroMixed resultsPreclinical onlyTier 1 · lab
Oncotarget · Jan 2022
This in vitro study tested the xCT inhibitor sulfasalazine in endometrial cancer cell lines. In uterine serous carcinoma (USC) cell lines, sulfasalazine combined with cisplatin significantly reduced cell growth, lowered intracellular glutathione, and induced apoptosis compared with single agents, whereas the combination was not effective in endometrioid carcinoma cell lines. USC lines showed higher xCT and lower cystathionine gamma-lyase (CGL) expression, while endometrioid lines showed higher CGL or lower xCT expression, suggesting biomarker-based selection might predict sulfasalazine sensitivity.
Studied with: cisplatin.
Key findings
- In uterine serous carcinoma (USC) cell lines, the combination of cisplatin and the xCT inhibitor sulfasalazine significantly inhibited cell growth compared with single-agent cisplatin or sulfasalazine.
- Sulfasalazine treatment significantly decreased intracellular glutathione levels and induced apoptosis when combined with cisplatin in USC cell lines.
- The effectiveness of combined cisplatin and sulfasalazine was not evident in endometrioid carcinoma cell lines.
- USC cell lines exhibited increased expression of xCT and decreased expression of cystathionine gamma lyase (CGL).
- Endometrioid carcinoma cell lines exhibited increased CGL expression or decreased xCT expression.
Limitations: In vitro study only (cell line experiments); no animal or human data reported in the abstract.; Abstract does not report sample sizes, replicate numbers, or experimental concentrations/doses.; Findings limited to cell lines and may not generalize to tumors in patients.; Predictive biomarker observations are correlative within cell lines and lack validation in vivo or clinically..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Sep 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Case reportSupportive careReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 1
BMC urology · Jan 2021 · case report
DocetaxelEtoposideCisplatinprostate adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiationmetastatic prostatic neoplasm (lymph nodes, bone, liver) This case report describes a 63-year-old man with metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation who developed dermatomyositis shortly after starting androgen deprivation therapy. He received high-dose glucocorticoids for dermatomyositis and chemotherapy with etoposide and cisplatin; PSA and NSE fell and metastases were reduced, and the dermatomyositis improved allowing return of oral intake. Later therapies (docetaxel, abiraterone, enzalutamide) were used sequentially; dermatomyositis worsened temporarily on abiraterone but improved after switching to enzalutamide and increasing glucocorticoids.
Reported effects: patient_age 63, n=1 · time_to_dermatomyositis_onset 2, n=1
Studied with: etoposide + cisplatin (EP), ADT followed by EP, sequential docetaxel, abiraterone, enzalutamide.
Key findings
- A 63-year-old man presented with pollakiuria and high PSA and NSE.
- Prostate biopsy showed adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation and multiple metastases to lymph nodes, bone, and liver.
- Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) was started immediately.
- Following 2
ndnbsp;weeks of treatment, erythema on the skin and muscle weakness with severe dysphagia appeared and the patient was diagnosed with dermatomyositis.
- High-dose glucocorticoid therapy was initiated for dermatomyositis.
- ADT and subsequent chemotherapy with etoposide and cisplatin (EP) decreased PSA and NSE and reduced all metastases.
- After initiation of EP therapy, dermatomyositis improved and the patient regained oral intake function.
- EP was later replaced by docetaxel, abiraterone, and enzalutamide because of adverse events; no consistent cancer progression was observed.
- Dermatomyositis worsened temporarily during abiraterone administration but improved after switching to enzalutamide and escalating glucocorticoid dose.
Limitations: Single-patient case report; findings may not generalize.; No control or comparator group.; No doses, objective outcome scales, or detailed timelines provided in the abstract.; Causality between cancer treatment changes and dermatomyositis course cannot be established from this report.; Duration and long-term follow-up are not specified in the abstract..
Describes a paraneoplastic dermatomyositis case in metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation and reports clinical course with cancer-directed therapies and steroids.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Sep 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Human · observationalMechanismReported negativeLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 35
BMC cancer · Aug 2019 · Analysis of protein expression by western blot and immunohistochemistry in paired tumor and adjacent tissues (13 pairs), and correlation of pre- and post-chemotherapy paired tumor samples (35 pairs) with clinical response to cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy
The authors measured thioredoxin 1, peroxiredoxin 1 and peroxiredoxin 2 protein levels in cervical squamous carcinoma and adjacent tissues, and examined associations with response to cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in 35 patients. Expression of these proteins was higher in tumor than adjacent tissue, increased after chemotherapy, and higher expression levels were associated with a poorer chemotherapy response. Overall 48.6% (17/35) of patients had a clinical response (14.3% complete, 34.3% partial).
Reported effects: clinical response 48.6%, n=35 · complete response 14.3%, n=35 · +1 more
Studied with: cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Key findings
- In an initial analysis of 13 paired samples, thioredoxin 1, peroxiredoxin 1 and peroxiredoxin 2 expression was higher in cervical squamous cancer tissues than in adjacent non-cancerous tissues by western blotting and immunohistochemistry.
- In 35 paired tumor samples (pre- and post-chemotherapy), expression of thioredoxin 1, peroxiredoxin 1 and peroxiredoxin 2 was significantly up-regulated in post-chemotherapy tissues compared to pre-chemotherapy tissues.
- High levels of thioredoxin 1, peroxiredoxin 1 and peroxiredoxin 2 were associated with a poor response to cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
- A clinical response occurred in 48.6% (17/35) of patients, including 14.3% (5/35) complete responses and 34.3% (12/35) partial responses.
Limitations: Relatively small sample size (main correlation cohort n=35; initial western blot n=13).; Observational, correlative study design; association does not prove causation or mechanism.; No independent validation cohort reported in the abstract.; Abstract provides no details on chemotherapy dosing, schedule, or potential clinical covariates.; No functional experiments reported in the abstract to demonstrate that these proteins cause chemoresistance..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Case reportReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 1
Cureus · Jul 2018 · case report
EtoposideCisplatinsmall cell carcinoma of the hypopharynxhypopharyngeal small cell carcinoma This is a single-case report of a woman with metastatic small cell carcinoma originating in the posterior hypopharynx with lymph node involvement. She received chemotherapy with etoposide and cisplatin plus radiation therapy. Post-treatment CT showed resolution at the primary site, and a PET-CT at three months after radiation showed no evidence of disease. The report documents a radiographic complete response in this individual case with short follow-up.
Studied with: radiation therapy.
Key findings
- Patient had metastatic small cell carcinoma originating from the posterior hypopharynx with lymph node involvement.
- Treatment consisted of chemotherapy with etoposide and cisplatin combined with radiation therapy.
- Post-treatment CT scan indicated resolution of the disease at the primary site.
- Follow-up PET-CT at three months after radiation therapy revealed the patient was clear of disease.
Limitations: Single-patient case report (n=1), limiting generalizability.; Short follow-up (PET-CT at three months post-radiation) — no long-term outcomes reported.; No control or comparator group.; No dosing, toxicity, or detailed treatment schedule reported..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Sep 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
ReviewReported positiveModerate evidenceTier 4 · clinical
Journal of thoracic disease · Sep 2013
This review summarizes recommended treatments for non-small cell lung cancer. It states radical surgery is the standard for fit stage I patients, adjuvant therapy should generally be given only in clinical trials, stage II and IIIA tumors benefit from adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy (with radiotherapy for N2 disease), and advanced/inoperable stage IIIB/IV disease is managed with multidisciplinary care including four cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy combined with a third-generation cytotoxic or targeted anti-EGFR/anti-VEGFR agent.
Reported effect: number_of_cycles 4
Studied with: 3rd generation cytotoxic agent, anti-EGFR agents, anti-VEGFR agents, radiotherapy, surgery.
Key findings
- Radical surgery is the standard of care for fit stage I NSCLC patients.
- Adjuvant treatment should be offered only as part of an investigative trial.
- Stage II and IIIA adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy remains the gold standard for completely resected NSCLC tumors.
- Radiotherapy should be offered in patients with N2 lymph nodes.
- For advanced stage IIIB/IV or inoperable NSCLC, multidisciplinary treatment with 4 cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy plus a third-generation cytotoxic or a cytostatic (anti-EGFR, anti-VEGFR) drug is recommended.
Limitations: Narrative review article; no original patient-level data reported in the abstract.; Abstract provides recommendations but no methods, selection criteria, or systematic review process are described.; No quantitative outcomes (survival, response rates, or comparative statistics) are provided.; No dosing details, toxicity data, or follow-up duration reported..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Sep 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Human trialTrialReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 4 · clinicaln = 92
European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) · Mar 2013 · Phase II multicenter, single-arm neoadjuvant chemotherapy trial
TopotecanCisplatinsquamous cervical carcinomaadenosquamous cervical carcinomalocally-advanced cervical cancer (FIGO IB2, IIA, IIB) This phase II multicenter study enrolled 92 patients with locally advanced squamous or adenosquamous cervical cancer who received six weekly courses of topotecan (2 mg/m2) plus cisplatin (40 mg/m2) as neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The regimen was deliverable (96% completed six courses; 95% of courses given at full dose) and produced a clinical response rate of 77% and an overall pathologic response in 67% (optimal response 32%, downstaging 57%). Grade 3-4 hematologic toxicity occurred in 28% of patients, supportive therapies were given to 24%, and with median follow-up 18 months, 76% were alive and recurrence-free while 24% relapsed and 13% died.
Reported effects: treatment_completion 96%, n=92 · full_dose_course_percentage 95%, n=92 · +13 more
Studied with: cisplatin.
Key findings
- 96% of patients completed the six planned courses of chemotherapy.
- 95% of courses were administered at a full dose and without interruption or delay.
- Grade 3-4 haematological toxicity was observed in 28% of patients (5% out of cycles).
- Support therapies were given to 24% of patients.
- Clinical response rate was 77%.
- Overall pathologic response observed in 67% of patients.
- Optimal pathologic response rate was 32%.
- Disease downstage occurred in 57% of patients.
- Nodal metastases occurred in 36% of patients.
- Adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy was prescribed in 55% of patients.
- Median follow-up was 18 months; 76% alive and free from recurrence, 24% relapsed, 13% died.
Limitations: Single-arm Phase II design with no randomized or concurrent control group; Relatively short median follow-up (18 months) for survival outcomes; Adjuvant therapy was given to 55% of patients, which may confound interpretation of longer-term outcomes; Sample size (n=92) limits precision of survival and subgroup estimates; Endpoints are primarily response and short-term outcomes rather than long-term randomized efficacy.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed
Meta-analysisTrialInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 4 · clinical
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Feb 2013 · Cochrane systematic review of randomized controlled trials (searched for RCTs) and discussion of non-randomised studies; search up to February 2012
This Cochrane systematic review searched for randomized trials comparing neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, or chemotherapy alone, combined with surgery for ovarian carcinosarcoma and found no eligible randomized controlled trials. The authors therefore found no evidence to inform decisions about which adjuvant or neoadjuvant regimens to use and called for multicentre RCTs or well-designed non-randomised studies and further molecular research.
Studied with: surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy.
Key findings
- No randomized controlled trials were identified comparing neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, or chemotherapy alone, in women with ovarian carcinosarcoma.
- The search strategy identified 297 unique references, all of which were excluded and therefore no data were analysed.
- Various chemotherapy regimens have been used historically (including cisplatin; combinations with doxorubicin, ifosfamide, dacarbazine, cyclophosphamide, taxol), but their effectiveness appears mixed.
- Authors recommend multicentre or multinational RCTs, or well-designed non-randomised studies using multivariate analysis, and further research into genetic and molecular signalling pathways.
- The authors note the importance of addressing quality of life and toxicity given the generally poor prognosis.
Limitations: No randomized controlled trials were found, so no quantitative data or pooled analysis could be performed.; Search was conducted up to February 2012; more recent studies (after that date) would not be included.; Rare disease with likely limited available studies, limiting the ability to draw conclusions..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
ReviewMixed resultsModerate evidenceTier 4 · clinical
Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · Feb 2012 · review
This review summarizes current therapeutic approaches for epithelial ovarian cancer, noting standard treatment is cytoreductive surgery plus taxane-and-platinum chemotherapy. It highlights that many apparent primary ovarian carcinomas may arise from the fimbria, that clear cell histology is relatively chemoresistant to carboplatin/paclitaxel and may respond to irinotecan plus cisplatin, and that targeted agents such as bevacizumab and PARP inhibitors are promising with some studies showing improved progression-free survival for bevacizumab.
Studied with: paclitaxel + platinum, irinotecan + cisplatin, bevacizumab (with chemotherapy).
Key findings
- Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy.
- Many tumors thought to be primary ovarian or peritoneal carcinomas may originate from the fimbria of the fallopian tube.
- Standard treatment is cytoreductive surgery plus combination chemotherapy using taxane and platinum.
- Clear cell ovarian carcinoma shows relative resistance to carboplatin and paclitaxel and therefore has poorer prognosis compared with serous adenocarcinoma in advanced stages.
- Irinotecan plus cisplatin therapy may be effective for clear cell adenocarcinoma.
- Bevacizumab (anti-VEGF) and PARP inhibitors are promising molecular targeted drugs in ovarian cancer.
- A few recent studies demonstrated positive results of bevacizumab on progression-free survival, but investigations of molecular targeted drugs in ovarian cancer are still underway.
Limitations: This publication is a review and does not present new primary data.; The abstract cites only 'a few recent studies' for bevacizumab, indicating limited summarized evidence in this text.; No quantitative results, sample sizes, or detailed trial designs are provided in the abstract.; Statements about efficacy for specific subtypes (e.g., clear cell) are not supported by detailed outcome data in the abstract..
Overview of therapeutic strategies and emerging targeted therapies for epithelial ovarian cancer.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jul 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text
Case reportReported negativeLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 1
Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre · Jan 2008 · case_report
CisplatinEtoposideprostate small cell carcinomaprostate adenocarcinoma (component)skin metastasis (scrotal) This is a case report of a 60-year-old man diagnosed with small cell carcinoma of the prostate (with adenocarcinoma component) who received combination chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide and bilateral orchiectomy. Disease progressed after six cycles, he did not respond to salvage therapy, and later developed scrotal skin papillary lesions that on biopsy were metastatic small cell carcinoma. The authors note that prostate small cell carcinoma is aggressive with high metastatic potential but skin metastases are uncommon and prognosis is poor despite therapy.
Studied with: bilateral orchiectomy.
Key findings
- Needle biopsy showed both small cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the prostate.
- Patient was treated with combination chemotherapy (cisplatin and etoposide) and bilateral orchiectomy.
- After six cycles of chemotherapy, disease progressed and the patient did not respond to salvage therapy; palliative care was instituted.
- During follow-up, papillary lesions on scrotal skin were biopsied and shown to be metastatic small cell carcinoma.
- Authors state small cell carcinoma of the prostate is aggressive with high metastatic potential and poor prognosis; skin metastases are very uncommon.
Limitations: Single-patient case report; findings not generalizable.; No control or comparator.; No chemotherapy dosing or detailed treatment timelines provided.; Limited clinical detail and follow-up reported.; Cannot determine treatment efficacy from a single case and no quantitative outcomes reported..
Reports clinical course and an uncommon site of metastasis (skin) in prostate small cell carcinoma, relevant to clinicians encountering aggressive prostatic neuroendocrine tumors.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed
Human · observationalInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 22
International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society · Jan 2008 · retrospective registry review
This retrospective study reviewed 22 women with ovarian carcinosarcoma treated at one institution. Most patients had advanced disease, and the authors reported median survival and progression-free intervals for different surgery and chemotherapy groups. Survival was not significantly different between the cisplatin/ifosfamide group and the carboplatin/taxol group. The study suggests these regimens were used in this rare cancer, but it does not establish which one is better.
Reported effects: median survival for the entire cohort 38 mo, n=22 · median survival for 18 optimally debulked (<1 cm) patients 46 mo, n=18 · +3 more
Studied with: ifosfamide, taxol, carboplatin, cisplatin.
Key findings
- Twenty-two patients were identified, and all but two presented with advanced stage disease.
- Median survival for the entire cohort was 38 months.
- Median survival was 46 months for optimally debulked patients and 27 months for suboptimally debulked patients.
- In the cisplatin and ifosfamide group, median progression-free interval was 13 months and median survival was 51 months.
- In the carboplatin and taxol group, median progression-free interval was 6 months and median survival was 38 months.
- The difference in survival between the two chemotherapy groups was not statistically significant (P=0.48).
Limitations: Retrospective single-institution review; Small sample size; No randomized control group; Non-comparative treatment groups with likely selection bias; Rare cancer with limited generalizability; Survival differences were not statistically significant.
This is an observational outcomes study in ovarian carcinosarcoma evaluating surgery and chemotherapy regimens.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed
Animal studyReported positivePreclinical onlyTier 2 · animal
Biochimica et biophysica acta · Dec 2003
In mice bearing M5076 ovarian sarcoma, co-administration of theanine increased tumor doxorubicin concentration, enhanced the antitumor activity of doxorubicin and suppressed hepatic metastasis, while not increasing doxorubicin levels in normal tissues or worsening markers of doxorubicin-induced toxicity. In vitro, theanine inhibited glutamate uptake and doxorubicin efflux from tumor cells, reduced intracellular glutamate, GSH and GS-DOX conjugate levels, and the authors propose involvement of MRP5/GS-X export; similar effects were seen with specific glutamate transporter inhibitors and with other chemotherapeutics.
Studied with: doxorubicin, other anthracyclines, cisplatin, irinotecan, green tea (oral).
Key findings
- In M5076 ovarian sarcoma-bearing mice, theanine significantly enhanced the inhibitory effect of DOX on tumor growth and increased the DOX concentration in the tumor, compared to DOX-alone group.
- Oral administration of theanine or green tea similarly enhanced the antitumor activity of DOX.
- The combination of theanine with DOX suppressed the hepatic metastasis of ovarian sarcoma.
- An increase in DOX concentration was not observed in normal tissues such as liver and heart, and theanine tended to normalize DOX-induced increases in lipid peroxide levels and reduction of glutathione peroxidase activity.
- In vitro, theanine inhibited the efflux of DOX from tumor cells and significantly inhibited glutamate uptake by M5076 cells similar to specific inhibitors.
- Two astrocytic high-affinity glutamate transporters, GLAST and GLT-1, were expressed in M5076 cells.
- Theanine-induced reduction of intracellular glutamate caused decreases in intracellular glutathione (GSH) and GS-DOX conjugate levels; expression of MRP5 suggests export of GS-DOX via the MRP5/GS-X pump, which theanine affected.
- DHK and L-serine-O-sulfate (SOS), specific glutamate transporter inhibitors, also enhanced DOX antitumor activity via inhibition of glutamate uptake.
- Theanine enhanced the antitumor activities of other anthracyclines, cisplatin and irinotecan in this experimental context.
Limitations: Preclinical study in a single mouse tumor model and in vitro cell line; no human data reported.; Abstract does not report sample sizes, dosing regimens, or duration of treatment.; Safety and efficacy in humans are not evaluated; applicability to clinical chemotherapy is speculative.; Mechanistic links are inferred from in vitro findings and expression data rather than directly proven in patients..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed
Human · observationalReported negativeLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 20
Gynecologic oncology · Sep 1992 · case series
This case series reports outcomes for 20 patients with uterine papillary serous carcinoma treated with cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (PAC) between 1982 and 1989. Only 2 of 11 patients with measurable disease achieved complete clinical responses, the actuarial 5-year survival was 23%, mean progression-free interval was 9 months, and 70% experienced moderate to severe toxicity including one possible treatment-related death. The authors concluded UPSC was relatively resistant to PAC in this mixed patient group.
Reported effects: total_patients 20, n=20 · complete_responses 2, n=11 · +15 more
Studied with: cisplatin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide (PAC).
Key findings
- Twenty patients with UPSC were treated with cisplatin, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), cyclophosphamide (PAC) chemotherapy between January 1982 and December 1989.
- Only 2 of 11 patients with measurable disease greater than 2 cm achieved complete clinical responses of 12 and 31 months duration; there were no partial responses.
- Actuarial 5-year survival for all patients was 23%.
- The mean progression-free interval was 9 months.
- Patients with clinical stages I or II disease had a higher survival rate than those with stage III or IV disease (P = 0.003).
- Survival did not correlate with depth of myometrial invasion (P = 0.81) or size of residual tumor following initial surgery (P = 0.16).
- Estrogen or progesterone receptors were detected in 10 of 11 tumors tested.
- Seven of 9 patients tested had elevated serum levels of CA-125 (greater than 35 U/ml).
- Correlation between CA-125 value and clinical course was demonstrated in 3 of 5 patients who had serial measurements.
- Of all patients, 3 are currently alive; 1 has documented disease.
- Moderate to severe toxicity was seen in 14 patients (70%).
- There was one possible treatment-related death from cardiomyopathy.
Limitations: Small sample size (n = 20).; Heterogeneous patient group (advanced primary, recurrent, and adjuvant cases combined).; Single-arm, uncontrolled case series (no comparator group).; Dosing details for individual drugs not provided in the abstract.; Some laboratory/marker results reported on small subsets (e.g., 11 tumors tested for receptors, 9 tested for CA-125, 5 had serial CA-125 measurements).; Possible treatment-related death and high toxicity rates limit interpretation of benefit versus harm..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Sep 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed
Evidence at a glance: Cisplatin by cancer
A deterministic grade of what published studies report for each: strength of evidence, the reported direction, and the largest credible effect, strongest-evidence first. This summarizes findings; it is not a claim that anything works.
Clear cell adenocarcinoma (ovarian)○Insufficient evidence◆Mixed results
No primary experimental studies yet.
Most authoritative study: Therapeutic strategies in epithelial ovarian cancer
No human studies yet · No numeric effect sizes reported · Based on a single study.
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