Research Radartracking 1,762 published studies · 471 human · 11 safety signals · 58 clinical trials · 44 cancer pages · updated Sep 2026Open the Research Map →

Cyclophosphamide

← All agents

Catalog entry human-reviewed · each study below is labeled with how it was published · How we review →

AI extractedhuman reviewedsources checkedretractions suppressed

Get cited updates on Cyclophosphamide
A monthly email when the research changes — $10/mo. Manage follows
Follow Cyclophosphamide
Evidence at a glanceHuman trial / meta-analysisMixed results⚠ Studies disagree
5 published studies tagged to this agent3 human studies approved & graded (trial, observational, or meta-analysis)
Why this grade?

Human trial / meta-analysis — Includes human trial or meta-analysis evidence.

Computed deterministically from the studies’ types and reported outcomes — not written by AI, and not a claim that anything works.

Auto-discovered · not yet curatedcyclophosphamide
Educational only, not medical advice. OncoForge makes no claim that Cyclophosphamide treats, prevents, or cures any condition, beyond what the linked studies show. Evidence levels vary; effects may not translate to people, and some compounds can cause harm. Always coordinate with your oncology team.

Simple Summary

Auto-discovered from 2 recent studies; not yet curated.

Research

Where the evidence is

What has been studied, and how strong it is, by topic. A dashed cell means no studies were found for that combination — a gap, not evidence of no effect. Open a row to see its studies.

CancerHuman evidenceMechanismSafetyTrial
Ovarian Carcinosarcoma1——1
Mixed Mesodermal Sarcoma Of The Ovary1———
Uterine Papillary Serous Carcinoma (Upsc)1———
Ovarian Rhabdomyosarcoma—1—1
Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma———1
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma———1

Reported figures

Study mix

5 published studies by what they were done in. Lab and animal findings often do not carry over to people.

3 Human2 Review/other
Reported directionReported positive1Mixed results1Reported negative1Inconclusive2

What supports this page

The kinds of sources behind this page, strongest at the top. Faint rungs show what is not here yet.

Guideline
0
Meta-analysis
1
Systematic review
0
Randomized trial
0
Clinical trial
0
Observational
2
Case report
2
Review
0
Preclinical
0
Other
0
5 studies3 human2 review/other

Tracking 5 published studies of Cyclophosphamide: 3 in humans, 2 reviews/other.

Reported direction across studies: 1 positive, 1 mixed, 1 negative, 2 inconclusive.

Findings conflict — both supportive and negative/mixed results exist (see below). Human evidence is limited.

These counts summarize what the studies reported; they are not a measure of whether Cyclophosphamide works.

Cancers named in these studies

ovarian rhabdomyosarcoma (2)ovarian carcinosarcoma (1)alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (1)embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (1)uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) (1)mixed mesodermal sarcoma of the ovary (1)

Conflicting evidence

All studies

Case reportInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 1

Primary ovarian rhabdomyosarcoma: A diagnostic dilemma in an uncommon tumor

Journal of cancer research and therapeutics · Oct 2025 · case report

CyclophosphamideActinomycin-dVincristineovarian rhabdomyosarcoma

This case report describes a 17-year-old girl with a very rare ovarian rhabdomyosarcoma. The tumor was diagnosed by imaging, pathology, and immunohistochemistry, and it came back within 3 months after surgery. The authors report that she then received VAC chemotherapy (vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide), and they emphasize the need for earlier diagnosis and more standardized treatment approaches.

Studied with: vincristine, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide.

Key findings
  • Imaging showed a large solid-cystic pelvic mass.
  • Histopathology and immunohistochemical markers (desmin, myogenin, WT1) confirmed ovarian rhabdomyosarcoma.
  • Recurrence occurred within 3 months after surgical resection.
  • VAC chemotherapy was given after early relapse.
Limitations: Single-patient case report.; No control group.; No quantitative treatment outcome data reported.; Cannot determine effectiveness of VAC from this report alone.; Focus is diagnostic and descriptive rather than evaluative..

Describes a rare ovarian cancer case and subsequent chemotherapy, but does not evaluate a compound's anticancer effect in a comparative way.

AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed

Meta-analysisTrialInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 4 · clinical

Chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in combination with surgery for ovarian carcinosarcoma

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Feb 2013 · Cochrane systematic review of randomized controlled trials (searched for RCTs) and discussion of non-randomised studies; search up to February 2012

CyclophosphamideTaxolCisplatinDacarbazineIfosfamideDoxorubicinovarian carcinosarcoma

This Cochrane systematic review searched for randomized trials comparing neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, or chemotherapy alone, combined with surgery for ovarian carcinosarcoma and found no eligible randomized controlled trials. The authors therefore found no evidence to inform decisions about which adjuvant or neoadjuvant regimens to use and called for multicentre RCTs or well-designed non-randomised studies and further molecular research.

Studied with: surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy.

Key findings
  • No randomized controlled trials were identified comparing neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, or chemotherapy alone, in women with ovarian carcinosarcoma.
  • The search strategy identified 297 unique references, all of which were excluded and therefore no data were analysed.
  • Various chemotherapy regimens have been used historically (including cisplatin; combinations with doxorubicin, ifosfamide, dacarbazine, cyclophosphamide, taxol), but their effectiveness appears mixed.
  • Authors recommend multicentre or multinational RCTs, or well-designed non-randomised studies using multivariate analysis, and further research into genetic and molecular signalling pathways.
  • The authors note the importance of addressing quality of life and toxicity given the generally poor prognosis.
Limitations: No randomized controlled trials were found, so no quantitative data or pooled analysis could be performed.; Search was conducted up to February 2012; more recent studies (after that date) would not be included.; Rare disease with likely limited available studies, limiting the ability to draw conclusions..

AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text

Case reportTrialReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 2

Primary ovarian rhabdomyosarcoma in children

Pediatric surgery international · May 2008 · case reports

CyclophosphamideVincristineDoxorubicinovarian rhabdomyosarcomaalveolar rhabdomyosarcomaembryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

This report describes two children with very rare primary ovarian rhabdomyosarcoma. After complete surgical removal, both received chemotherapy with vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide and had a good response. Both patients were alive 8 and 9 months after surgery.

Key findings
  • Two pediatric cases of primary ovarian rhabdomyosarcoma were described.
  • Both patients underwent complete resection of the primary tumor.
  • Both received vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy.
  • The abstract reports a good response to therapy and survival at 8 and 9 months post-operatively.
Limitations: Case report with only 2 patients.; No control group.; Short follow-up.; Cannot separate the effect of surgery from chemotherapy.; No dosing details reported..

Describes management of a rare ovarian cancer in children, including chemotherapy, but does not isolate the effect of any single compound.

AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed

Human · observationalReported negativeLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 20

Uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) treated with cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (PAC)

Gynecologic oncology · Sep 1992 · case series

CisplatinDoxorubicinCyclophosphamideuterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC)

This case series reports outcomes for 20 patients with uterine papillary serous carcinoma treated with cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (PAC) between 1982 and 1989. Only 2 of 11 patients with measurable disease achieved complete clinical responses, the actuarial 5-year survival was 23%, mean progression-free interval was 9 months, and 70% experienced moderate to severe toxicity including one possible treatment-related death. The authors concluded UPSC was relatively resistant to PAC in this mixed patient group.

Reported effects: total_patients 20, n=20 · complete_responses 2, n=11 · +15 more

Studied with: cisplatin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide (PAC).

Key findings
  • Twenty patients with UPSC were treated with cisplatin, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), cyclophosphamide (PAC) chemotherapy between January 1982 and December 1989.
  • Only 2 of 11 patients with measurable disease greater than 2 cm achieved complete clinical responses of 12 and 31 months duration; there were no partial responses.
  • Actuarial 5-year survival for all patients was 23%.
  • The mean progression-free interval was 9 months.
  • Patients with clinical stages I or II disease had a higher survival rate than those with stage III or IV disease (P = 0.003).
  • Survival did not correlate with depth of myometrial invasion (P = 0.81) or size of residual tumor following initial surgery (P = 0.16).
  • Estrogen or progesterone receptors were detected in 10 of 11 tumors tested.
  • Seven of 9 patients tested had elevated serum levels of CA-125 (greater than 35 U/ml).
  • Correlation between CA-125 value and clinical course was demonstrated in 3 of 5 patients who had serial measurements.
  • Of all patients, 3 are currently alive; 1 has documented disease.
  • Moderate to severe toxicity was seen in 14 patients (70%).
  • There was one possible treatment-related death from cardiomyopathy.
Limitations: Small sample size (n = 20).; Heterogeneous patient group (advanced primary, recurrent, and adjuvant cases combined).; Single-arm, uncontrolled case series (no comparator group).; Dosing details for individual drugs not provided in the abstract.; Some laboratory/marker results reported on small subsets (e.g., 11 tumors tested for receptors, 9 tested for CA-125, 5 had serial CA-125 measurements).; Possible treatment-related death and high toxicity rates limit interpretation of benefit versus harm..

AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Sep 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed

Human · observationalMixed resultsLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 12

Mixed mesodermal sarcoma of the ovary. Treatment with combination radiation therapy and chemotherapy

Cancer · Oct 1983 · retrospective case series

VincristineCyclophosphamidemixed mesodermal sarcoma of the ovary

This retrospective report reviews 20 patients with ovarian mixed mesodermal sarcoma and focuses on 12 patients treated after surgery with combined radiation and VAC chemotherapy (vincristine, dactinomycin, cyclophosphamide). Four of the 12 had complete tumor control (one alive without disease beyond 5 years, three died of unrelated causes without disease at autopsy) and one other had an 18-month disease-free interval. The authors state that combination radiation plus VAC appears effective compared to prior reports but note myelosuppression and gastrointestinal and neurologic toxicities, and they recommend treatment modifications.

Reported effects: total patients reviewed - count 20 · patients treated post-operatively with combination therapy - count 12 · +4 more

Studied with: radiation therapy.

Key findings
  • Twenty patients with mixed mesodermal sarcoma of the ovary were reviewed.
  • This report focuses on 12 patients treated post-operatively with combination radiation therapy and chemotherapy with vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide (VAC).
  • There were 4 patients achieving complete tumor control, including one who is alive without disease beyond 5 years and 3 who died of unrelated causes without disease at autopsy.
  • One other patient had a significant disease-free interval of 18 months.
  • Compared to previous reports, combination radiation and VAC chemotherapy appears effective in this disease.
  • Myelosuppression and gastrointestinal and neurologic toxicities were observed and treatment modifications have been recommended.
Limitations: Small sample size (focused on 12 treated patients).; Retrospective case series without a control group.; Single-center experience.; Limited detail on dosing, toxicity grading, and follow-up duration for all patients..

AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed

What changed recently

The latest additions to Cyclophosphamide's evidence base, and anything that's been retracted.

Recently added

Cancers where Cyclophosphamide reported positive results

Where at least one study reported a positive result, shown with the full picture, not just the wins. Positive results are more likely to be published, and most of these are early lab or animal studies that may not translate to people. This reports what studies found, not what works.

Preclinical only: lab / animal (3)
Limitations: Case report with only 2 patients.; No control group.; Short follow-up.; Cannot separate the effect of surgery from chemotherapy.; No dosing details reported..
Cited positive studies (1)
Limitations: Case report with only 2 patients.; No control group.; Short follow-up.; Cannot separate the effect of surgery from chemotherapy.; No dosing details reported..
Cited positive studies (1)
Limitations: Case report with only 2 patients.; No control group.; Short follow-up.; Cannot separate the effect of surgery from chemotherapy.; No dosing details reported..
Cited positive studies (1)

Evidence at a glance: Cyclophosphamide by cancer

A deterministic grade of what published studies report for each: strength of evidence, the reported direction, and the largest credible effect, strongest-evidence first. This summarizes findings; it is not a claim that anything works.

Ovarian carcinosarcomaHuman trial / meta-analysisInconclusive1 human

Includes human trial or meta-analysis evidence.

Most authoritative study: Chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in combination with surgery for ovarian carcinosarcoma

No numeric effect sizes reported · Based on a single study.
Mixed mesodermal sarcoma of the ovaryHuman · observationalMixed results1 human

Human observational evidence only — no trials.

Largest credible effect: complete tumor control - count 4, n=12 PMID 6616409 · effect sizes 1–20 across 6 studies

Most authoritative study: Mixed mesodermal sarcoma of the ovary. Treatment with combination radiation therapy and chemotherapy

Based on a single study.
Uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC)Human · observationalReported negative1 human

Human observational evidence only — no trials.

Largest credible effect: total_patients 20, n=20 PMID 1526508 · effect sizes 1–70 across 12 studies

Most authoritative study: Uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) treated with cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (PAC)

Based on a single study.
Ovarian rhabdomyosarcomaInsufficient evidenceReported positive

No primary experimental studies yet.

Most authoritative study: Primary ovarian rhabdomyosarcoma: A diagnostic dilemma in an uncommon tumor

No human studies yet · No numeric effect sizes reported · All studies are small (n < 30).
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcomaInsufficient evidenceReported positive

No primary experimental studies yet.

Most authoritative study: Primary ovarian rhabdomyosarcoma in children

No human studies yet · No numeric effect sizes reported · Based on a single study.
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcomaInsufficient evidenceReported positive

No primary experimental studies yet.

Most authoritative study: Primary ovarian rhabdomyosarcoma in children

No human studies yet · No numeric effect sizes reported · Based on a single study.

Dose: as studied, not a recommendation

These are doses as studied or reported, never a recommendation. The right amount of Cyclophosphamide depends on you, your other medicines, and your situation; decide it with your oncology team and pharmacist, not from a web page.
Doses reported in studies

Clinical trials studying Cyclophosphamide

26 ongoing · 64 completed · tracked from ClinicalTrials.gov. Recruiting is not the same as proven, and completed is not the same as positive — read the results. Not a recommendation.

Completed
26 stopped (terminated / withdrawn / suspended)

Search all trials on ClinicalTrials.gov →

Inclusion here is not an endorsement. OncoForge makes no claim beyond what the linked studies show. Discuss anything on this page with your oncology team before acting on it.

← All agents · Research Radar