These are reviewed studies whose abstracts concern Uterine Leiomyosarcoma. Each describes only what that study reported. This is not a claim by OncoForge that any compound helps or harms Uterine Leiomyosarcoma. Most are early lab, animal, or small human studies, and findings often conflict.
ReviewMechanismMixed resultsLimited evidenceTier 4 Β· clinical
International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society Β· Jan 2026
uterine leiomyosarcoma
This is a narrative review of the immune environment of uterine leiomyosarcoma and the potential role of immune checkpoint inhibitors. The authors report variable PD-L1 expression, heterogeneous lymphocytic infiltration, and interactions with tumor-associated macrophages, note modest response rates to checkpoint inhibitors in clinical trials, and discuss that dual PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade and chemotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death may enhance immune activation in select patients. They conclude that combinatorial and personalized strategies, improved immune profiling, and macrophage-targeted approaches merit further study.
Studied with: anti-CTLA-4 + anti-PD-1 dual checkpoint blockade, chemotherapy (to induce immunogenic cell death), targeted immunomodulation, macrophage-targeted therapies.
Key findings
- Uterine leiomyosarcoma has a variable tumor immune microenvironment including variable PD-L1 expression and differential lymphocytic infiltration.
- Interactions with tumor-associated macrophages shape immune responses in leiomyosarcoma.
- Clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors in leiomyosarcoma have produced modest response rates.
- Molecular analyses suggest that specific sub-groups of leiomyosarcoma patients may derive greater benefit from checkpoint inhibition.
- Dual-checkpoint blockade combining anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 has demonstrated enhanced immune activation in select patients.
- Chemotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death has been explored as a complementary approach to immunotherapy.
- Authors recommend innovative combinatorial strategies, improved patient selection, enhanced macrophage-targeted therapies, and optimized immune profiling for future research.
Limitations: Narrative review onlyβno new primary experimental or patient-level data are presented.; Conclusions are based on heterogeneous published studies and molecular analyses rather than definitive randomized trial evidence.; Abstract reports only 'modest response rates' in trials without quantitative pooled estimates or meta-analysis.; Leiomyosarcoma heterogeneity and rarity limit generalizability of existing trial results (as noted by authors)..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed Β· Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed
ReviewReported positiveModerate evidenceTier 4 Β· clinical
The Journal of nutrition Β· Nov 2025 Β· review
colorectal cancerbreast cancerendometrial cancerlung cancer
This review summarizes epidemiologic evidence linking red and processed meat consumption with higher risks of multiple chronic diseases, including colorectal, breast, endometrial, and lung cancers, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. It reports that processed meats show stronger associations than unprocessed red meat, with dose-response relationships indicating elevated risks even at moderate intakes. The authors describe plausible biological mechanisms (carcinogen formation, inflammation, gut microbiome changes, heme iron, TMAO, and metabolic effects) and note inconsistencies such as short-term randomized trial biomarker findings and modification of risk by overall diet, lifestyle, and genetics. The review concludes that minimizing processed meat and replacing red/processed meats with plant proteins, poultry, or fish is expected to reduce disease risk, and it calls for further research on causality, mechanisms, and population diversity.
Studied with: plant proteins, poultry, fish.
Key findings
- Observational studies and meta-analyses show positive associations between red/processed meat consumption and multiple chronic diseases, including colorectal, breast, endometrial, and lung cancers, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality.
- Dose-response relationships indicate elevated risks even at moderate intakes.
- Processed meats consistently show stronger detrimental associations than unprocessed red meats.
- Mechanistic pathways discussed include carcinogen formation, proinflammatory effects, gut microbiome dysbiosis, heme iron, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), saturated fats, and effects on lipid metabolism and insulin resistance.
- Replacing red/processed meats with plant proteins, poultry, or fish is associated with reduced disease risk according to the review.
- Evidence complexities include inconsistent randomized controlled trial findings on short-term biomarkers and substantial modification of risk by processing, cooking methods, overall diet, lifestyle, and genetic factors.
Limitations: Predominantly observational epidemiologic evidence, which is susceptible to confounding and cannot establish causality.; Inconsistent randomized controlled trial findings limited to short-term biomarkers rather than clinical endpoints.; Heterogeneity introduced by differences in processing methods, cooking techniques, and definitions of processed versus unprocessed meat.; Potential modification of associations by overall diet, lifestyle, and genetic factors, complicating interpretation.; Identified gaps include need for greater mechanistic specificity, more diverse populations, and integrated health-environment assessments..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed Β· Jul 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed
Human Β· observationalSupportive careMixed resultsModerate evidenceTier 3 Β· early humann = 267586
Journal of the National Cancer Institute Β· Aug 2025 Β· prospective cohort study
Supportive carecervical cancerHodgkin lymphomaprostate cancerbreast cancercolorectal cancerlung cancerendometrial canceroral cavity and pharynx cancerkidney cancerovarian cancersarcomamelanomaleukemia
Researchers followed participants in three large prospective cohorts for up to 36 years to examine whether a cancer diagnosis was associated with later atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). They documented 4,334 new ASCVD events among 49,603 incident cancer cases and found that cervical cancer and Hodgkin lymphoma were associated with higher ASCVD risk, prostate cancer with slightly lower risk, and that ASCVD risk trajectories over time varied by cancer type (for example, breast cancer survivors had lower ASCVD risk for the first 7.5 years, then risk increased).
Reported effects: new-onset ASCVD events among incident cancer cases 4334, n=49603 Β· cervical cancer HR 1.56 [1.06β2.29] Β· +6 more
Key findings
- During up to 36 years of follow-up, 4,334 new-onset ASCVD events among 49,603 incident cancer cases were documented.
- Cervical cancer was associated with increased ASCVD incidence (HR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.06 to 2.29).
- Hodgkin lymphoma was associated with increased ASCVD incidence (HR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.89 to 4.15).
- Prostate cancer was associated with lower ASCVD incidence (HR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.85 to 0.97).
- Breast cancer survivors experienced lower ASCVD risk during the first 7.5 years after diagnosis, but risk gradually increased afterward (Pnonlinearity = .01).
- ASCVD risk increased over time among patients with cancers of the colorectum (P = .003), lung (P = .002), and endometrium (P = .04).
- No statistically significant association with ASCVD risk was observed for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, kidney, or ovary; sarcoma; melanoma; or leukemia.
Limitations: Observational cohort design cannot establish causality.; Potential for residual confounding despite multivariable adjustment.; Cohorts consist of nurses and health professionals, which may limit generalizability to other populations.; Abstract does not report details on cancer stage or treatments, which could influence ASCVD risk..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed Β· Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed Β· Full text
Human Β· observationalReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 3 Β· early human
Nature medicine Β· Jul 2025 Β· meta-analysis (Burden of Proof meta-regression)
colorectal cancer
This Burden of Proof meta-regression analyzed associations between processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and trans fatty acids (TFAs) and risks of type 2 diabetes, ischemic heart disease (IHD) and colorectal cancer. The authors reported conservative estimates that processed meat intake was associated with at least an 11% increase in type 2 diabetes risk and a 7% increase in colorectal cancer risk; SSBs with at least an 8% increase in type 2 diabetes risk and a 2% increase in IHD risk; and TFAs with at least a 3% increase in IHD risk. The associations were given two-star ratings indicating weak or inconsistent input evidence, and the authors note further research is needed while recommending limiting consumption given disease burden.
Reported effects: average increase in type 2 diabetes risk (processed meat, 0.6-57 g/day) 11% Β· average increase in colorectal cancer risk (processed meat, 0.78-55 g/day) 7% Β· +3 more
Key findings
- Processed meat (0.6-57 g/day) was associated with at least an 11% average increase in type 2 diabetes risk (relative to zero consumption).
- Processed meat (0.78-55 g/day) was associated with at least a 7% average increase in colorectal cancer risk (relative to zero consumption).
- SSB intake (1.5-390 g/day) was associated with at least an 8% average increase in type 2 diabetes risk (relative to zero consumption).
- SSB intake (0-365 g/day) was associated with at least a 2% average increase in ischemic heart disease (IHD) risk (relative to zero consumption).
- TFA consumption (0.25-2.56% of daily energy intake) was associated with at least a 3% average increase in IHD risk (relative to zero consumption).
- Each association received two-star ratings reflecting weak relationships or inconsistent input evidence; authors recommend further research and continuing recommendations to limit consumption given high chronic disease burden.
Limitations: Findings are based on meta-regression of existing studies rather than randomized trials, so causal inference is limited.; The authors rate the associations as two-star, indicating weak or inconsistent input evidence.; Dose-response characterization is described as limited and the results are presented as conservative estimates relative to zero consumption..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed Β· Jul 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed
Meta-analysisReported positiveStrong evidenceTier 4 Β· clinicaln = 60
GeroScience Β· Jun 2025 Β· meta-analysis of prospective studies
colorectal cancercolon cancerrectal cancer
This meta-analysis pooled 60 prospective studies to evaluate associations between red, processed, and total meat consumption and colorectal, colon, and rectal cancer risk. Higher intake of red, processed, and total meat was each associated with modestly increased hazard ratios for colorectal, colon, and rectal cancer in the pooled analyses.
Reported effects: Red meat - colon cancer HR 1.22 [1.15β1.3] Β· Red meat - colorectal cancer HR 1.15 [1.1β1.21] Β· +7 more
Key findings
- Red meat consumption was associated with increased risk of colon cancer (HR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.15-1.30), colorectal cancer (HR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.10-1.21), and rectal cancer (HR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.07-1.39).
- Processed meat consumption was associated with increased risk of colon cancer (HR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.07-1.20), colorectal cancer (HR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.14-1.28), and rectal cancer (HR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.05-1.30).
- Total meat consumption was associated with increased risk of colon cancer (HR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.11-1.35), colorectal cancer (HR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.12-1.22), and rectal cancer (HR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.10-1.48).
Limitations: Observational prospective studies cannot establish causation; associations may reflect residual confounding.; Potential heterogeneity across included studies (populations, exposure assessment, covariate adjustment) may affect pooled estimates.; Dietary measurement error and misclassification in the original studies may bias results.; Abstract does not report dose-response specifics or uniform exposure definitions across studies..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed Β· Jul 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed Β· Full text
Human Β· observationalReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 3 Β· early humann = 10
BMC cancer Β· Dec 2024 Β· retrospective cohort
Trastuzumab-deruxtecan-t-dxdTrastuzumab-deruxtecanendometrial neoplasmsovarian neoplasmscervical neoplasmsuterine carcinosarcomauterine leiomyosarcomauterine serous carcinomaovarian carcinosarcomahigh-grade serous ovarian carcinomamucinous ovarian carcinomasquamous cervical carcinoma This retrospective single-center study identified 10 patients with HER2-expressing (IHC 2+/3+) recurrent or metastatic gynecological cancers who received trastuzumab deruxtecan (5.4 mg/kg IV every 3 weeks). The cohort had a median progression-free survival of 5.4 months (95% CI 0.8-9.8). Five patients had a partial response, one had stable disease at 12 weeks, and four had disease progression at initial assessment. Clinical benefit was observed mainly in tumors with HER2 IHC 3+.
Reported effects: median PFS 5.4 mo [0.8β9.8], n=10 Β· partial responses 5, n=10 Β· +2 more
Key findings
- 10 patients with recurrent/metastatic HER2-expressing gynecological malignancies were treated with T-DXd.
- Histologies included uterine neoplasms (n=5), cervical squamous carcinoma (n=1) and ovarian cancers (n=4).
- Median age was 65.4 years (25th-75th percentile, 58.1-75.2 years).
- HER2 by IHC: 5 patients were 3+ and 5 patients were 2+.
- Median number of prior therapy lines was 4 (range 2-6); 2 uterine serous carcinoma patients were pretreated with trastuzumab and 4 patients had prior immunotherapy.
- Dose: T-DXd 5.4 mg/kg IV every 3 weeks until progression/toxicity.
- Median progression-free survival (PFS) in the cohort was 5.4 months (95% CI 0.8-9.8 months).
- Responses: 5 patients had partial response (including 2 previously treated with trastuzumab), 1 patient had stable disease at 12 weeks, 4 patients had disease progression at initial assessment.
- Most patients who derived clinical benefit had HER2 IHC 3+ expression.
Limitations: Retrospective, single-center design; Very small sample size (n=10); No control or comparator arm; Heterogeneous mix of gynecologic histologies; Heavily pre-treated population limits generalizability; Limited/absent reporting of safety or adverse event data in the abstract; Potential selection and reporting bias inherent to retrospective series.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed Β· Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed Β· Full text
ReviewMechanismInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 4 Β· clinical
Yi chuan = Hereditas Β· Aug 2024 Β· review
uterine leiomyosarcoma
This article is a review of the molecular pathology of uterine leiomyosarcoma (uLMS). The authors summarize molecular genetic features, epigenetic variants, experimental models, and clinical research progress, and note that understanding of uLMS pathogenesis is inadequate and disease models are limited, which hinders development of effective therapies.
Key findings
- uLMS is an aggressive malignant soft-tissue tumor arising from the myometrium that is difficult to distinguish from benign leiomyoma in early stages and has a poor prognosis.
- Current studies of uLMS pathogenesis and disease biology are inadequate.
- uLMS disease models are very limited, which hinders development of effective therapeutics.
- The review systematically summarizes molecular genetic features, epigenetic alterations, experimental models, and clinical research progress, and discusses directions including tumor evolution, the tumor microenvironment, and therapy development.
Limitations: This publication is a review and does not present new primary experimental or clinical data.; Abstract does not describe review methods in detail (e.g., search strategy, inclusion criteria).; Field-level limitations noted by the authors include inadequate pathogenesis studies and limited disease models, which constrain conclusions about therapeutic development..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed Β· Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed
ReviewMechanismMixed resultsLimited evidenceTier 4 Β· clinical
Cells Β· Jun 2024
uterine leiomyosarcoma
This is a narrative review summarizing current knowledge about uterine leiomyosarcoma (uLMS), including its poor prognosis and high rates of recurrence and metastasis. The authors discuss multiple biological pathways implicated in uLMS (DNA repair, immune checkpoints, protein kinases, hedgehog), the emerging roles of epigenetics and the epitranscriptome, biomarkers and diagnostic approaches (including AI and shear wave elastography), current medical management, and ongoing clinical trials. The abstract notes that drugs targeting abnormal pathway functions have been reported to improve survival but that chemotherapy resistance remains a major challenge.
Key findings
- uLMS has a poor prognosis with high rates of recurrence and metastasis; five-year survival reported between 25 and 76%, and survival approaches 10-15% for patients with metastatic disease at initial diagnosis.
- Multiple biological pathways are implicated in uLMS pathogenesis, including DNA repair defects, immune checkpoint pathways, protein kinases/intracellular signaling, and the hedgehog pathway.
- The review states that drugs that block abnormal functions of these pathways have been reported to remarkably improve survival in uLMS patients.
- Chemotherapy resistance remains a major unmet need, motivating the search for novel drugs that effectively target these pathways.
- The authors review emerging roles of epigenetics and the epitranscriptome, as well as serum markers, AI/machine learning approaches, shear wave elastography, current management options, and ongoing clinical trials.
Limitations: Narrative review rather than primary research β no original patient-level data presented.; Abstract does not state systematic review methods or a structured literature search, so selection bias in included literature is possible.; Broad scope synthesizes preclinical, early-phase, and clinical data together, which may mix evidence levels.; Survival ranges reported are wide and drawn from the literature rather than newly generated cohort data..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed Β· Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed Β· Full text
Human Β· observationalReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 3 Β· early humann = 58
Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR Β· May 2023
The authors screened 58 individuals with uterine leiomyosarcoma for homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) and identified 5 cases (9%). All five accessed PARP inhibitor therapy; in three patients with mature follow-up two achieved a complete response or durable partial response after platinum was added to PARPi. In patient-derived xenografts, the PARP1-specific inhibitor AZD5305 produced the most rapid, complete and sustained responses compared with olaparib or olaparib plus cisplatin, including in a BRCA2-deleted PDX that had developed PARPi-resistance mutations.
Reported effects: WGS samples with COSMIC signature 3 13, n=13 Β· WGS samples with high genome-wide LOH (> 0.2) 11, n=13 Β· +4 more
Studied with: cisplatin.
Key findings
- All 13 uLMS samples analysed by WGS had a dominant COSMIC mutational signature 3.
- 11 of the 13 WGS samples had high genome-wide loss of heterozygosity (> 0.2).
- Only two WGS samples had a CHORD score > 50%; one of these had a homozygous pathogenic BRCA2 deletion.
- A further three samples harboured homozygous HRD alterations (all deletions in BRCA2) detected by WES or panel sequencing, giving 5/58 (9%) individuals with HRD uLMS.
- All five individuals with HRD gained access to PARPi therapy; two of three with mature clinical follow-up achieved a complete response or durable partial response after platinum was added to PARPi upon minor progression.
- In corresponding PDX models, AZD5305 produced the most rapid, complete and sustained responses compared with olaparib alone or olaparib plus cisplatin, including in a BRCA2-deleted PDX that had developed PARPi-resistance mutations in PRKDC (DNA-PKcs).
Limitations: Small number of HRD cases (5 of 58), with only three patients having mature clinical follow-up.; Non-randomized, observational access to PARPi in patients (no control arm reported).; PDX (preclinical) findings may not fully predict clinical efficacy.; Sequencing methods varied across samples (WGS, WES, panel), and some genomic HRD metrics (CHORD) were discordant.; No dosing, schedule, or detailed treatment-response durations provided in the abstract..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed Β· Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed Β· Full text
Human Β· observationalMechanismReported positiveModerate evidenceTier 3 Β· early humann = 167
Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc Β· Apr 2023 Β· diagnostic test development with test and validation cohorts (molecular-based IHC correlated with targeted NGS)
uterine leiomyosarcomauterine smooth muscle tumorsuterine leiomyomasmooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP)low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma
The authors sequenced 167 uterine leiomyosarcomas to identify common genomic alterations and developed an immunohistochemical (IHC) algorithm based on those genomic landmarks. In test and validation cohorts the IHC panel (p53, Rb, PTEN, ATRX, with follow-up markers DAXX, MTAP, MDM2) showed multiple abnormal markers in most LMS but not in leiomyomas. Agreement among pathologists and concordance between IHC and NGS were high.
Reported effects: NGS cohort size 167, n=167 Β· test cohort LMS n 16, n=16 Β· +16 more
Key findings
- Overall, 94% of LMS showed β₯1 genomic alteration involving TP53, RB1, ATRX, PTEN, CDKN2A, or MDM2; 80% showed alterations in β₯2 of these genes.
- In the test cohort, abnormal IHC expression was seen in 75% (p53), 88% (Rb), 44% (PTEN), and 38% (ATRX) of LMS.
- Two or more abnormal IHC results among p53, Rb, PTEN, and ATRX were seen in 81% of LMS in the test cohort.
- STUMPs demonstrated only a single IHC abnormality involving these markers, and no IHC abnormalities were seen in leiomyomas in the test cohort.
- In the validation cohort abnormal p53, Rb, and PTEN IHC results were seen in LMS; rare STUMP or leiomyomas with bizarre nuclei showed abnormalities involving only 1 marker.
- Both diagnostically challenging smooth muscle tumors in the validation set had abnormalities in β₯2 markers, supporting a diagnosis of LMS.
- Concordance among pathologists for IHC interpretation was ΞΊ = 0.97, and concordance between IHC and NGS results was ΞΊ = 0.941.
Limitations: Test and validation cohorts were relatively small (test cohort: 16 LMS; validation cohort: 8 LMS and other tumor types).; No clinical outcome or prognostic correlation data reported in the abstract.; Not a prospective, multicenter diagnostic accuracy study; broader external validation is not reported in the abstract.; The abstract does not report sensitivity, specificity, or formal diagnostic accuracy statistics beyond concordance/kappa..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed Β· Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed Β· Full text
Case reportInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 3 Β· early humann = 1
Cureus Β· Jan 2023 Β· case report
uterine leiomyosarcomalung metastasis
This is a case report of a single patient with uterine leiomyosarcoma that metastasized to the lung. The authors observed a pulmonary metastasis measuring 17 cm in diameter and state that, to their knowledge, this size has not been previously reported.
Reported effect: lung metastasis diameter 17, n=1
Key findings
- Reported a single case of uterine leiomyosarcoma with lung metastasis measuring 17 cm in diameter.
- Authors note that distant metastasis of uterine leiomyosarcoma is common and that lung metastases have been reported previously.
- Authors state that a hysterectomy is a typical approach to avoid metastasis but that metastatic recurrence is common.
- Authors claim the 17 cm size has not been reported in the literature to their knowledge.
Limitations: Single case report (n=1), so findings are not generalizable.; No patient demographic or clinical outcome details provided.; No imaging, pathology, treatment, or follow-up data are reported in the abstract.; No comparator or systematic data; descriptive only..
Describes an unusually large pulmonary metastasis (17 cm) from uterine leiomyosarcoma in a single patient.
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed Β· Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed Β· Full text
Case reportInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 3 Β· early humann = 1
Future oncology (London, England) Β· Sep 2022 Β· case report and narrative review
uterine leiomyosarcomauterine neoplasms
This article follows a single woman who was diagnosed with uterine leiomyosarcoma after an initial surgery performed for a presumed fibroid. The authors review evidence that informed multidisciplinary tumor board decisions about managing local seeding and subsequent distant metastases and describe how treatment choices were made across lines of therapy. The case is used to illustrate the frequent need to balance efficacy and toxicity of available options to help patients maintain normal life activities.
Key findings
- Standard ultrasonography can have difficulty distinguishing uterine fibroids from malignant masses.
- Morcellation carries a risk of disseminating occult uterine malignancy in a small but relevant group of women.
- The paper follows the clinical course of a woman diagnosed with uterine leiomyosarcoma after suboptimal initial surgery for an assumed fibroid.
- Evidence was reviewed to guide multidisciplinary tumor board decisions about optimal management after local seeding and the development of distant metastases.
- The case illustrates that choosing treatment for advanced soft-tissue sarcomas commonly involves balancing efficacy and toxicity to allow patients to maintain normal life.
Limitations: Single-patient case report limits generalisability.; Narrative review component may be subject to selection bias and does not provide systematic quantitative synthesis.; Abstract reports no quantitative outcomes or comparative data from this case.; No randomized or controlled data presented in the abstract..
AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed Β· Jul 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed