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Prostate Cancer

A plain-English summary of the published research on Prostate Cancer, reviewed and approved by our editors — not a hand-curated clinical overview.

Research summary · reviewed
Educational only: This page is not medical advice. Coordinate decisions with your oncology team.

Reviewed Jun 2026 · OncoForge editorial · How we review →

AI extractedhuman reviewedsources checkedretractions suppressed· last updated Jun 2026

Evidence at a glanceHuman trial / meta-analysisMixed results⚠ Studies disagree
34 published studies that name Prostate Cancer6 human studies approved & graded (trial, observational, or meta-analysis)222 human clinical studies in the Prostate Cancer corpus1656 source documents in the Prostate Cancer corpus

last checked June 19, 2026

Why this grade?

Human trial / meta-analysis — Includes human trial or meta-analysis evidence.

Computed deterministically from the studies’ types and reported outcomes — not written by AI, and not a claim that anything works.

What the guidelines say

NCI PDQESMONCCNASCO

We link the authoritative guidelines rather than reproduce them. Below, the treatments on this page are split into standard care, guideline or regulatory options, supportive care, and studied but not standard so established care is not mixed with experimental or supportive items.

Studied, not standard - investigational
  • Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)
  • Androgen receptor pathway inhibitor (ARPI)
  • new-generation hormone therapy (ARPI)
  • Radiation therapy
  • radiotherapy of the primary disease
  • stereotactic radiotherapy on oligometastases
  • moderately hypofractionated radiation therapy
  • ultrahypofractionated radiation therapy
  • adjuvant radiation therapy after prostatectomy
  • Focal therapy
  • Active surveillance
  • docetaxel
  • abiraterone
  • androgen deprivation therapy + docetaxel + abiraterone
  • androgen receptor-targeted agents (ARTAs)
  • ARTA + chemotherapy combinations
  • PARP inhibitors
  • prostate-specific membrane antigen-based therapy
  • PSMA radioligand therapy (RLT)
  • Carboplatin
  • Durvalumab
  • Etoposide
  • Fuzuloparib
  • Genistein
  • Relacorilant

Read the guidelines

Cancer-specific deep links aren’t curated yet — these search the authoritative sources for Prostate Cancer.

Treatment map: Prostate Cancer

Open as a full page →

Standard care plus every compound studied in the literature (each cited) and graded by evidence, organized by clinical readiness. A category, not a verdict that anything works — confirm anything here with your oncology team.

26
Interventions
0
Standard of care
12
Tested in people
6
Lab / animal
8
Named in lit.
7
Classes
Standard of care (0) Guideline option (0) Tested in people (12) Lab / animal only (6) Named in the literature (8)

Tested in people, by trial phase: phase not reported ×12

Clinical evidence
Preclinical evidence
Standard of care
Guideline option
Tested in people
Lab / animal only
Named in the literature
Surgery & procedures
—
—
1
—
1
Radiotherapy
—
—
3
—
3
Chemotherapy
—
—
1
1
—
Targeted therapy
—
—
2
—
—
Immunotherapy
—
—
—
1
—
Hormonal therapy
—
—
3
—
3
Other
—
—
2
4
1

Columns group into clinical evidence (used in, or tested on, people) and preclinical evidence (lab/animal, or only named in the literature). Cell = number of interventions; a dashed cell means none recorded there.

Investigational & adjunct compounds — detail (26)
Meta-analysis (12)
Active surveillanceadjuvant radiation therapy after prostatectomy· Adjuvant (after surgery)Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)· First-line (advanced disease)androgen receptor-targeted agents (ARTAs)ARTA + chemotherapy combinationsdocetaxelmoderately hypofractionated radiation therapynew-generation hormone therapy (ARPI)PARP inhibitorsprostate-specific membrane antigen-based therapyPSMA radioligand therapy (RLT)ultrahypofractionated radiation therapy
Named in the literature
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)Androgen receptor pathway inhibitor (ARPI)Radiation therapyradiotherapy of the primary diseasestereotactic radiotherapy on oligometastasesFocal therapy· First-line (advanced disease)abirateroneandrogen deprivation therapy + docetaxel + abiraterone

"Tested in people" rows show the highest trial phase found in that compound's cited human studies (Phase I–IV; "phase not reported" = a human study with no phase tag). "Studied" = named in the cited literature for this cancer. "FDA ✓" = FDA-approved for this cancer; "off-label" = an FDA-approved drug used outside its approved indications (per openFDA). Not a claim that anything works.

Reported figures

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Snapshot

The essentials in ~60 seconds — every line is drawn from the cited sources below.

What it is
Prostate cancer is a malignancy for which guideline-based staging and risk assessment are central; approximately 10% of cases are diagnosed metastatic at initial presentation. [1][2]
Standard treatment
For de-novo metastatic disease the standard option is androgen deprivation therapy with a novel hormonal agent or with chemotherapy; for many patients with localized disease an active surveillance strategy centered on PSA monitoring and periodic digital rectal examination (with MRI/biopsy triggered by changes) is a key approach. [2][3][1][4]
Key test
PSMA-ligand PET/CT is indicated for initial staging and for localization of recurrent or persistent disease and has higher accuracy than conventional imaging in several studies. [5]
Biggest challenge
Management is complicated by rapidly evolving therapeutic options and persistent controversies and uncertainty in grading, terminology, and diagnostic criteria (including issues around intraductal carcinoma of the prostate). [6][7][8][3]

Ask about Prostate Cancer

Answers come only from the cited sources on this page — with the supporting evidence shown. If the sources here don't cover your question, it will say so. Educational information, not medical advice.

Key numbers & factors

Biomarkers

  • PSMA expression / PSMA-ligand PET/CTActionableImaging to localize disease and identify PSMA-positive lesions; associated with advanced disease and poor outcome [5][6]
  • Pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) genetic variantsActionableAssessment for genetic counseling and testing in patients at increased hereditary risk [9]
  • Tumour next-generation sequencing (NGS)ActionableRoutine molecular profiling in advanced prostate cancer to identify genomic alterations [10]
  • % Gleason pattern 4 (%GP4) · Report percent pattern 4 in specified biopsy situations to refine grading and reporting [7]
  • Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P)ActionableReport presence of IDC-P because it is generally associated with sampled or unsampled high-grade invasive disease and affects suitability for active surveillance [8][7]
  • Cribriform glands (with Gleason pattern 4) · Report presence or absence in biopsy and prostatectomy specimens [7]
  • Ki67 · Not ready for routine clinical use [7]
  • PTEN · Requires additional studies to establish utility in active surveillance cohorts [7]
  • RNA-based assays · Require dedicated studies in active surveillance populations before routine adoption [7]

10 sections — tap any heading to expand its cited detail. Key points are above.

OverviewNCCN Guidelines include recommendations for staging, risk assessment, and care across localized, regional, recurrent, and metastatic prostate cancer, and staging, risk assessment, and management options have advanced over the last decade in ways that affect shared decision-making. Evidence and options for relapsing, metastatic, and castration-resistant prostate cancer are evolving rapidly, with new systemic therapies and PSMA-directed diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, while controversies and uncertainty persist in prostate cancer grading.6 points
  • The NCCN Guidelines include recommendations for staging and risk assessment and for the care of patients with localized, regional, recurrent, and metastatic prostate cancer. [1]
  • PCWG4 recommends avoiding the terms hormone- or castrate-sensitive prior to treatment and instead uses androgen pathway modulation terms. [11]
  • Evidence and options for relapsing, metastatic, and castration-resistant prostate cancer are evolving rapidly, and new treatment options for men with metastatic prostate cancer include androgen receptor-targeted agents (ARTAs), ARTA + chemotherapy combinations, PARP inhibitors and their combinations, and prostate-specific membrane antigen-based therapy. [6]
  • Staging, risk assessment, and management options in prostate cancer have advanced over the last decade and significantly affect shared decision-making for treatment management. [3]
  • PSMA-directed PET/CT is a non-invasive diagnostic technique to image PSMA positive lesions in individuals with prostate cancer. [5]
  • Controversies and uncertainty persist in prostate cancer grading. [7]
EpidemiologyPure intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDCP) is uncommon on needle biopsy (<0.3%), and about 10% of prostate cancers are metastatic at the time of initial presentation.2 points
  • Each year, approximately 10% of prostate cancers are diagnosed metastatic at initial presentation. [2]
  • Pure intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDCP) is rare in needle biopsies, seen in less than 0.3% of needle biopsies. [8]
Key biomarkersContemporary guidance for prostate cancer covers genetic testing for pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants, updates on imaging and biomarkers for early detection, and a recommendation to perform tumour NGS in advanced disease. Pathology reporting standards emphasise Grade Groups, detailed reporting of percent Gleason pattern 4, handling of minor tertiary pattern 5, and explicit reporting of cribriform pattern and intraductal carcinoma, while several biomarkers (Ki67, PTEN, RNA-based assays) need further study for use in active surveillance.15 points
  • The NCCN Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment guidelines focus primarily on assessing pathogenic and likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants associated with increased risk of prostate cancer and on recommendations for genetic counseling and testing. [9]
  • The AUA/SUO early-detection update reports revised evidence on the use of MRI in biopsy-naïve patients and updates on available biomarkers. [12]
  • ESMO recommends running tumour next-generation sequencing (NGS) in advanced prostate cancer as part of routine practice. [10]
  • Most adenocarcinomas of the prostate express high levels of PSMA in primary and metastatic lesions, and elevated PSMA expression has been associated with advanced metastatic or hormone-refractory prostate cancer and poor disease outcome. [5]
  • Intraductal carcinoma (IDC-P) diagnosed using the Guo and Epstein criteria is generally associated with sampled or unsampled high-grade invasive prostate cancer. [8]
  • Report percent Gleason pattern 4 (%GP4) in needle biopsy with Grade Groups (GrGp) 2 and 3, and in needle biopsy on other parts (jars) of lower grade in cases with at least 1 part showing Gleason score (GS) 4 + 4 = 8; report %GP4 as less than 5% or less than 10% and then in 10% increments thereafter. [7]
  • Replace 'tertiary grade pattern' in radical prostatectomy (RP) with 'minor tertiary pattern 5 (TP5)' and use it only in RP with Grade Group 2 or 3 with less than 5% Gleason pattern 5; note minor TP5 along with the Gleason score, with the Grade Group based on the Gleason score. [7]
  • When multiple undesignated cores are taken from a single MRI-targeted lesion, give an overall grade for that lesion as if all the involved cores were one long core; if providing a global score when different scores are found in the standard and the MRI-targeted biopsy, give a single global score factoring both the systematic standard and the MRI-targeted positive cores. [7]
  • Grade Groups (GrGp) is the terminology adopted by major world organizations, and Gleason score 3 + 5 = 8 is retained in Grade Group 4. [7]
  • Report the presence or absence of cribriform glands in biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens with Gleason pattern 4 carcinoma. [7]
  • Report intraductal carcinoma (IDC-P) in biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens; use criteria for IDC-P based on dense cribriform glands (>50% of the gland is composed of epithelium relative to luminal spaces) and/or solid nests and/or marked pleomorphism/necrosis; do not include IDC-P in determining the final Gleason score/Grade Group on biopsy and/or radical prostatectomy; it is not necessary to perform basal cell immunostains on biopsy and radical prostatectomy to identify IDC-P if the results would not change the overall (highest) Gleason score/Grade Group per case. [7]
  • "Atypical intraductal proliferation (AIP)" is the preferred term for an intraductal proliferation that shows greater architectural complexity and/or cytological atypia than typical high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia yet falls short of the strict diagnostic threshold for IDC-P. [7]
  • Ki67 is not ready for routine clinical use. [7]
  • Additional studies of active surveillance cohorts are needed to establish the utility of PTEN in this setting. [7]
  • Dedicated studies of RNA-based assays in active surveillance populations are needed to substantiate the utility of these expensive tests in this setting. [7]
Biology & pathwaysPCWG4 guidance emphasizes serial biological (genetic and phenotypic) profiling at the start of a new therapy and at the time of progression. Regulation of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is complex and involves the androgen receptor, PI3K/Akt, and DNA damage response pathways.2 points
  • PCWG4 emphasizes the importance of serial biological (genetic, phenotypic) profiling of disease at the start of a new therapy and at the time of progression. [11]
  • The regulation of PSMA is complex, with the involvement of androgen receptor, PI3K/Akt, and DNA damage response pathways. [5]
Standard managementRecent society guideline updates revise management across the prostate cancer spectrum, including active surveillance, imaging and biopsy indications, salvage therapy after biochemical recurrence, and systemic treatment for de-novo metastatic disease. Specific statements address elimination of the very-low-risk category, updates to active surveillance principles and MRI quality/interpretation standards, guidance on focal and radiation approaches, and evidence- and consensus-based recommendations for salvage and advanced disease care.9 points
  • An essential active surveillance strategy includes prostate-specific antigen monitoring and periodic digital rectal examination with changes triggering magnetic resonance imaging and possible biopsy; digital rectal examination remains a key part of the urologic physical examination and helps prioritize multiparametric MRI when prostate cancer is suspected. [3][4]
  • The 2026 NCCN Guidelines Insights describe elimination of the very-low-risk group for nonmetastatic prostate cancer, report updates to the Principles of Active Surveillance, and advise caution in the use of focal therapy in newly diagnosed patients. [1]
  • The 2026 AUA/ASTRO guideline amendment provides revised guidance on imaging, updated information on shared decision-making, and new direction regarding radiation treatment and disease management for clinically localized prostate cancer. [13]
  • GUPS and ISUP consensus guidance states that active surveillance is not appropriate for patients with Grade Group 1 prostate cancer associated with intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDCP). [8]
  • The AUA/ASTRO/SUO Salvage Therapy Panel developed evidence- and consensus-based guideline statements to provide guidance for the care of patients who experience biochemical recurrence after initial definitive local therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. [14]
  • The standard treatment option for de-novo metastatic prostate cancer is androgen deprivation therapy with a novel hormonal agent or with chemotherapy. [2]
  • PI-RADS 4–5 lesions represent a strong indication for prostate biopsy, and PI-RADS 3 lesions should be stratified by PSA density with biopsy when PSAD exceeds 0.20 ng/mL/cc according to the SIU position paper. [4]
  • MRI scans used in active surveillance must meet a minimum image quality standard and current scans should be compared with both baseline and previous scans. [15]
  • Part I of the AUA/ASTRO/SUO Advanced Prostate Cancer guideline discusses prognostic and treatment recommendations for patients with biochemical recurrence without metastatic disease after exhaustion of local treatment options and for those with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, and the Advanced Prostate Cancer Panel created evidence- and consensus-based guideline statements to aid clinicians in the management of patients with advanced prostate cancer. [16]
Treatments & compounds studied24 therapeutics and management strategies are reported across hormonal therapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, procedure/device, and other approaches.20 treatments

Chemotherapy

  • docetaxel: Docetaxel is used in combination regimens for metastatic prostate cancer and is included in a triplet regimen with ADT and abiraterone highlighted by the PEACE-1 trial. [2][17]

Targeted therapy

  • PARP inhibitors: PARP inhibitors and their combinations are listed among newer treatment options for men with metastatic prostate cancer. [6][17]
  • prostate-specific membrane antigen-based therapy: Prostate-specific membrane antigen-based therapy is described as a newly available option for men with metastatic prostate cancer. [6]

Hormonal therapy

  • Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) · 2 findings
    • Sources describe PCWG4’s use of terminology focused on androgen pathway modulation, and note that for de-novo metastatic prostate cancer, standard treatment is androgen deprivation therapy given with a novel hormonal agent or with chemotherapy. [11][2]
    • First-line (advanced disease)Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is identified as the primary treatment option for metastatic prostate cancer. [17]
  • Androgen receptor pathway inhibitor (ARPI): Androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPIs) are described as part of androgen pathway modulation alongside ADT. [11]
  • new-generation hormone therapy (ARPI): In metastatic prostate cancer, intensification of ADT with at least one new-generation hormone therapy (ARPI) is described as standard care. [17]
  • abiraterone: Abiraterone is named as part of the triplet combination with ADT and docetaxel in the PEACE-1 trial. [2]
  • androgen receptor-targeted agents (ARTAs): Androgen receptor-targeted agents (ARTAs) are listed among newer treatment options for men with metastatic prostate cancer. [6]

Radiotherapy

  • Radiation therapy: The AUA/ASTRO 2026 amendment provides new direction regarding radiation treatment in clinically localized prostate cancer. [13]
  • radiotherapy of the primary disease: Radiotherapy of the primary disease is recommended for de-novo low-burden/low-volume metastatic prostate cancer. [2]
  • stereotactic radiotherapy on oligometastases: Stereotactic radiotherapy on oligometastases has been reported to be feasible and well tolerated in studies. [2]
  • moderately hypofractionated radiation therapy: The AUA/ASTRO guideline states that the recommendation for moderately hypofractionated radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer has not changed. [3]
  • ultrahypofractionated radiation therapy: The updated AUA/ASTRO guideline incorporates a conditional recommendation for ultrahypofractionated radiation treatment for clinically localized prostate cancer. [3]
  • adjuvant radiation therapy after prostatectomy: Adjuvant (after surgery)The guideline panel recommends against routine use of adjuvant radiation therapy after prostatectomy in patients with negative nodes and an undetectable prostate-specific antigen, while acknowledging it may have a role for selected highest-risk patients. [3]

Procedures & devices

  • Focal therapy: First-line (advanced disease)The NCCN 2026 Insights recommend caution in the use of focal therapy for newly diagnosed patients. [1]
  • PSMA radioligand therapy (RLT): PSMA radioligand therapy (RLT) is described as a new treatment option for castration-resistant prostate cancer. [17][5]

Other

  • Active surveillance: Active surveillance strategies, updated in recent guidelines, include PSA monitoring and periodic DRE with MRI and biopsy prompted by changes. [1][3][8]3 sources
  • androgen deprivation therapy + docetaxel + abiraterone: The PEACE-1 trial highlighted the triplet combination of androgen deprivation therapy plus docetaxel plus abiraterone. [2]
  • ARTA + chemotherapy combinations: Combinations of ARTAs with chemotherapy are described as a new treatment option for metastatic prostate cancer. [6]
Staging & riskGuidelines and expert groups recommend structured staging and risk‑assessment approaches for prostate cancer, including PET-specific staging terminology, and endorse use of PSMA‑ligand PET/CT for initial staging and for localizing recurrent or persistent disease. Radiotherapy of the primary is recommended only for de‑novo low‑burden/low‑volume metastatic disease by CHAARTED criteria; PSMA PET/CT has shown higher accuracy than conventional imaging in studies (including a 27% greater accuracy in ProPSMA) but has low pelvic lymph node sensitivity (~40%) so a negative pelvic scan does not exclude micrometastases.6 points

Key figures

Survival & outcomes
OutcomeValue95% CI
increase in accuracy vs CT and bone scan27%—
Source quotes
  • “In the phase III multicenter randomized ProPSMA trial, [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT resulted in 27% greater accuracy when compared with CT and bone scan for staging of individuals with initial high-risk prostate cancer [26].”
  • PSMA-ligand PET/CT is indicated for initial staging of prostate cancer and for localization of recurrent or persistent disease following curative-intent therapy; it demonstrates high patient- and region-level detection rates and positive predictive value for localization of prostate cancer in the setting of biochemical recurrence or persistence and has accuracy superior to conventional imaging in several studies. [5]
  • In the phase III multicenter randomized ProPSMA trial, [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT resulted in 27% greater accuracy compared with CT and bone scan for staging of individuals with initial high-risk prostate cancer. [5]
  • PSMA-ligand PET/CT pelvic lymph node imaging has low sensitivity around the 40% range and thus a negative scan cannot exclude pelvic lymph node micrometastases. [5]
  • The NCCN Guidelines provide recommendations for staging and risk assessment after a prostate cancer diagnosis. [1]
  • PCWG4 recommends PET-specific staging terminology and cites the PROMISE v2.0 framework for molecular imaging–based staging. [11]
  • Radiotherapy of the primary disease is recommended only for de-novo low-burden/low-volume metastatic prostate cancer as defined by the CHAARTED criteria. [2]
PrognosisCertain biopsy and molecular features are associated with worse prognosis in prostate cancer: presence of IDCP in Grade Group 1 biopsies is generally associated with unsampled aggressive invasive prostate cancer, and elevated PSMA expression has been associated with poor disease outcome.2 points
  • In biopsies, Grade Group 1 with IDCP is generally associated with unsampled aggressive invasive prostate cancer. [8]
  • Elevated PSMA expression has been associated with poor disease outcome in prostate cancer. [5]
What we don't know yetSeveral aspects of prostate cancer care remain uncertain and are the subject of ongoing research and debate. Key areas include which post-treatment and patient-reported outcome measures should be used in trials, controversies in diagnosis, grading and management (including evolving radiation approaches and novel grading features), and prospective studies of intensified local/metastatic treatment and PSMA-ligand PET impact on survival.4 points
  • Sources note unresolved issues regarding IDCP terminology, diagnostic criteria, grading, and management; that RT for clinically localized prostate cancer has evolved rapidly with new trial results, therapeutic combinations, and technological advances; and that incorporating reactive stromal grade, percent GP4, minor tertiary GP5, and cribriform/intraductal carcinoma into novel grading schemas and artificial intelligence approaches is not ready for adoption in current practice. [8][3][7]3 sources
  • PCWG4 encourages discovering and qualifying post-treatment outcomes that reflect patient benefit or can serve as surrogates for regulatory submissions, and recognizes the importance of patient-reported outcomes by recommending measurement of disease-related symptoms using validated instruments in trials. [11]
  • Prospective research is focusing on the potential benefit of intensifying treatment by combining treatment of metastatic sites and the primary tumour together. [2]
  • Prospective trials are underway to assess the impact of including PSMA-ligand PET in clinical management pathways on patient survival. [5]
Safety & interactions1 point
  • Health disparities and inequities exist in the management of clinically localized prostate cancer across the continuum of care and can influence guideline concordance. [3]

Common questions

What is Prostate Cancer?

NCCN Guidelines include recommendations for staging, risk assessment, and care across localized, regional, recurrent, and metastatic prostate cancer, and staging, risk assessment, and management options have advanced over the last decade in ways that affect shared decision-making. Evidence and options for relapsing, metastatic, and castration-resistant prostate cancer are evolving rapidly, with new systemic therapies and PSMA-directed diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, while controversies and uncertainty persist in prostate cancer grading.

How common is Prostate Cancer?

Pure intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDCP) is uncommon on needle biopsy (<0.3%), and about 10% of prostate cancers are metastatic at the time of initial presentation.

Which biomarkers are important in Prostate Cancer?

Contemporary guidance for prostate cancer covers genetic testing for pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants, updates on imaging and biomarkers for early detection, and a recommendation to perform tumour NGS in advanced disease. Pathology reporting standards emphasise Grade Groups, detailed reporting of percent Gleason pattern 4, handling of minor tertiary pattern 5, and explicit reporting of cribriform pattern and intraductal carcinoma, while several biomarkers (Ki67, PTEN, RNA-based assays) need further study for use in active surveillance.

What is the biology of Prostate Cancer?

PCWG4 guidance emphasizes serial biological (genetic and phenotypic) profiling at the start of a new therapy and at the time of progression. Regulation of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is complex and involves the androgen receptor, PI3K/Akt, and DNA damage response pathways.

How is Prostate Cancer treated?

Recent society guideline updates revise management across the prostate cancer spectrum, including active surveillance, imaging and biopsy indications, salvage therapy after biochemical recurrence, and systemic treatment for de-novo metastatic disease. Specific statements address elimination of the very-low-risk category, updates to active surveillance principles and MRI quality/interpretation standards, guidance on focal and radiation approaches, and evidence- and consensus-based recommendations for salvage and advanced disease care.

What treatments are studied for Prostate Cancer?

24 therapeutics and management strategies are reported across hormonal therapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, procedure/device, and other approaches.

Sources

Every statement above is drawn from these reviewed sources. This page reports what they describe. Sources last checked June 19, 2026.

  1. GuidelineNCCN Guidelines® Insights: Prostate Cancer, Version 5.2026 · 2026
  2. GuidelineIndication and perspectives of radiation therapy in the setting of de-novo metastatic prostate cancer · 2024
  3. GuidelineRadiation Therapy Summary of the AUA/ASTRO Guideline on Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer · 2024
  4. GuidelineProstate cancer diagnostic pathway in men with lower urinary tract symptoms or performing opportunistic screening: The Italian Society of Urology (SIU) position paper · 2024
  5. GuidelinePSMA PET/CT: joint EANM procedure guideline/SNMMI procedure standard for prostate cancer imaging 2.0 · 2023
  6. GuidelineEAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-ISUP-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. Part II-2024 Update: Treatment of Relapsing and Metastatic Prostate Cancer · 2024
  7. GuidelineThe 2019 Genitourinary Pathology Society (GUPS) White Paper on Contemporary Grading of Prostate Cancer · 2021
  8. GuidelineThe Genitourinary Pathology Society and International Society of Urological Pathology Joint Expert Consultation Recommendations on intraductal carcinoma of the prostate · 2026
  9. GuidelineNCCN Guidelines® Insights: Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast, Ovarian, Pancreatic, and Prostate, Version 2.2026 · 2026
  10. GuidelineRecommendations for the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for patients with advanced cancer in 2024: a report from the ESMO Precision Medicine Working Group · 2024
  11. GuidelineTrial Design and Objectives for Patients With Prostate Cancer: Recommendations From the Prostate Cancer Working Group 4 · 2026
  12. GuidelineUpdates to Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: AUA/SUO Guideline (2026) · 2026
  13. GuidelineClinically Localized Prostate Cancer: AUA/ASTRO Guideline Amendment (2026) · 2026
  14. GuidelineSalvage Therapy for Prostate Cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO Guideline Part II: Treatment Delivery for Non-metastatic Biochemical Recurrence After Primary Radical Prostatectomy · 2024
  15. GuidelinePRECISE Version 2: Updated Recommendations for Reporting Prostate Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients on Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer · 2024
  16. GuidelineAdvanced Prostate Cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO Guideline PART I · 2021
  17. GuidelineFrench AFU Cancer Committee Guidelines - Update 2024-2026: Prostate cancer - Management of metastatic disease and castration resistance · 2024

What supports this page

The kinds of sources behind this page, strongest at the top. Faint rungs show what is not here yet.

Guideline
101
Meta-analysis
133
Systematic review
49
Randomized trial
5
Clinical trial
30
Observational
4
Case report
39
Review
1287
Preclinical
0
Other
8

Living document — last change June 19, 2026: Cancer page updated. 2 recent updates logged.

Pooled evidence across studies

PubMed
  • ASCVD incidence: HR 1.56 (0.91–2.8 across studies) · (regimen unspecified)
    3 studies · 33% agree · heterogeneous40445187

Numbers pooled deterministically across 8 published studies that passed our figure-accuracy checks — a quick synthesis, not a formal meta-analysis. Updated 6/27/2026.

Medicines & supplements studied for Prostate Cancer

PubMedFDAClinicalTrials.gov

Every drug, supplement, and other agent the published studies cover for Prostate Cancer, ranked by how strong the evidence is — what studies report, not a recommendation. Tap any to see its full profile.

Medicines · 6

CarboplatinInsufficient evidenceInconclusive

No primary experimental studies yet.

Most authoritative study: Managing a Rare Case of Mixed Extrapulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate

No human studies yet · No numeric effect sizes reported · Based on a single study.
ChemotherapyFDA off-label1 studyFull profile →
DurvalumabInsufficient evidenceInconclusive

No primary experimental studies yet.

Most authoritative study: Managing a Rare Case of Mixed Extrapulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate

No human studies yet · No numeric effect sizes reported · Based on a single study.
ImmunotherapyFDA off-label1 studyFull profile →
EtoposideInsufficient evidenceInconclusive

No primary experimental studies yet.

Most authoritative study: Managing a Rare Case of Mixed Extrapulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate

No human studies yet · No numeric effect sizes reported · Based on a single study.
OtherFDA off-label1 studyFull profile →
FuzuloparibInsufficient evidenceReported positive

No primary experimental studies yet.

Most authoritative study: Fuzuloparib: First Approval

No human studies yet · No numeric effect sizes reported · Based on a single study.
Other1 studyFull profile →
GenisteinInsufficient evidenceReported positive

No primary experimental studies yet.

Most authoritative study: Biological activities and therapeutic potential of soy isoflavones: a focus on anticancer activity

No human studies yet · No numeric effect sizes reported · Based on a single study.
Other1 studyFull profile →
RelacorilantInsufficient evidenceReported positive

No primary experimental studies yet.

Most authoritative study: Relacorilant: First Approval

No human studies yet · No numeric effect sizes reported · Based on a single study.
OtherFDA off-label1 studyFull profile →

What recent studies report in Prostate Cancer

These are reviewed studies whose abstracts concern Prostate Cancer. Each describes only what that study reported. This is not a claim by OncoForge that any compound helps or harms Prostate Cancer. Most are early lab, animal, or small human studies, and findings often conflict.

34 studies6 human⚠ Conflicting evidenceMechanism (9)Supportive care (4)Metabolism (2)Trial (1)

Tracking 34 published studies of Prostate Cancer: 6 in humans, 28 reviews/other.

Reported direction across studies: 18 positive, 7 mixed, 9 inconclusive.

Findings conflict — both supportive and negative/mixed results exist (see below). Human evidence is limited.

These counts summarize what the studies reported; they are not a measure of whether anything works for Prostate Cancer.

Compounds with studies mentioning Prostate Cancer

Relacorilant (1)Genistein (1)Carboplatin (1)Etoposide (1)Durvalumab (1)Fuzuloparib (1)
ReviewReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 4 · clinical

Relacorilant: First Approval

Drugs · Jun 2026 · regulatory approval summary

Relacorilantepithelial ovarian cancerfallopian tube cancerprimary peritoneal cancerpancreatic cancerprostate cancer

Relacorilant is a non-steroidal, selective glucocorticoid receptor antagonist being developed for several solid tumours and Cushing syndrome. The article reports that relacorilant received its first approval in the USA on 25 March 2026 for use in combination with nab-paclitaxel for adults with platinum-resistant epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer after 1-3 prior systemic regimens (at least one including bevacizumab). The article summarizes development milestones leading to this approval.

Studied with: nab-paclitaxel.

Key findings
  • Relacorilant is a non-steroidal, selective glucocorticoid receptor II antagonist developed by Corcept Therapeutics.
  • Relacorilant received first approval in the USA on 25 March 2026.
  • Approval is for use in combination with nab-paclitaxel for adults with platinum-resistant epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer who have received 1-3 prior systemic treatment regimens, at least one of which included bevacizumab.
  • Relacorilant is being developed for various solid tumours including ovarian, fallopian tube, peritoneal, pancreatic and prostate cancers, as well as for Cushing syndrome.
  • The article summarizes milestones in the development of relacorilant leading to this approval.
Limitations: Abstract provides no efficacy or safety outcome data or numeric results from trials.; No trial design, sample size, or methods are reported in the abstract.; This is an approval/summary article, not primary trial data.; Geographic scope limited to a USA approval; supporting evidence is not detailed in the abstract..

AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jul 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed

ReviewReported positivePreclinical onlyTier 1 · lab

Biological activities and therapeutic potential of soy isoflavones: a focus on anticancer activity

Molecular biology reports · May 2026 · narrative review

Genisteinbreast cancerovarian cancerprostate cancergliomaneuroblastomahepatocellular carcinomalung cancerbladder cancerosteosarcomarhabdomyosarcoma

This is a narrative review of the biological activities and potential therapeutic roles of soy isoflavones (including genistein and daidzein). The authors summarize proposed anticancer mechanisms (estrogen receptor modulation, apoptosis, anti-angiogenesis, epigenetic effects, etc.) and report that in vitro and in vivo studies have shown promising results across a range of tumor types. They conclude that further research—especially studies combining isoflavones with established chemotherapeutics—is needed.

Studied with: chemotherapeutic agents.

Key findings
  • Soy isoflavones (genistein, daidzein) have estrogenic and non-estrogenic activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects.
  • Proposed anticancer mechanisms include modulation of estrogen receptors, copper ion-dependent induction of cell death, promotion of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis, regulation of epigenetic processes, and effects on platelet function.
  • Because of estrogen receptor interactions, isoflavones have been studied particularly in hormone-dependent cancers such as breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer.
  • In vitro and in vivo studies have reported promising results in multiple malignancies (gliomas, neuroblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung and bladder cancers, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma).
  • Authors recommend further investigation, particularly combining isoflavones with established chemotherapeutics, to evaluate potential synergy.
Limitations: This article is a narrative review and does not present new clinical trial data.; The evidence summarized is primarily preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) with no clinical trial data provided in the abstract.; Mechanistic proposals are not proven clinical effects and require further experimental and clinical validation.; Safety and efficacy in patients, optimal dosing, and interactions with standard therapies are not established in this review..

AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jul 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text

ReviewInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 4 · clinical

Modern Radiotherapy for High-Risk and Very-High-Risk Prostate Adenocarcinoma

The Urologic clinics of North America · May 2026

prostate adenocarcinomaprostate cancer

This review summarizes modern radiotherapy approaches for patients with high-risk or very-high-risk prostate adenocarcinoma, noting shorter courses, selectively higher radiation doses, and elective pelvic nodal irradiation. It also discusses combining radiotherapy with intensification of androgen-deprivation therapy and active studies using genomic risk stratification to guide treatment intensification or deintensification.

Studied with: androgen-deprivation therapy.

Key findings
  • Modern radiotherapy strategies include fewer treatments (shorter courses).
  • Approaches permit selectively higher radiation doses.
  • Elective pelvic nodal treatment is used in some modern strategies.
  • There is potential to intensify androgen-deprivation therapy alongside radiotherapy.
  • Active studies are evaluating tailoring radiotherapy and androgen-deprivation based on genomic risk stratification tools.
Limitations: Narrative review without primary data reported in the abstract.; Abstract provides no quantitative outcomes, effect sizes, or specific trial results.; Very brief abstract; details on methods, evidence quality, or recommendations are not provided..

AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed

ReviewReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 4 · clinical

Managing Clinical N1 Prostate Cancer

The Urologic clinics of North America · May 2026 · review

prostate adenocarcinomaclinical N1 prostate cancer (lymph node positive)

Clinical N1 prostate cancer means prostate adenocarcinoma with regional lymph node metastases identified before definitive therapy. The abstract emphasizes thorough diagnostic imaging to distinguish regional nodal disease from distant metastases. It states that multimodal therapy—typically combinations of surgery, radiation, and hormone (androgen deprivation) therapy—is the mainstay of management and that treatment should be individualized.

Studied with: surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy / androgen deprivation therapy.

Key findings
  • Clinical lymph node positive prostate cancer is prostate adenocarcinoma with metastasis to regional lymph nodes detected prior to definitive therapy.
  • This is an aggressive cancer with varying presentations and prognosis.
  • Thorough diagnostic imaging is key to establishing this stage and distinguishing it from distant metastatic disease.
  • The mainstay of therapy is multimodal treatment, typically surgery + radiation + hormone therapy or radiation therapy + hormone therapy.
  • Both surgery- and radiation-based strategies can be effective when appropriately combined with androgen deprivation therapy; treatment individualization is important.
Limitations: Review article without primary new patient-level data reported in the abstract.; No quantitative outcomes, effect sizes, or sample sizes are provided in the abstract.; No details on specific agents, doses, timing, or selection criteria for surgery versus radiation are provided.; Heterogeneity of presentations and prognosis is noted but not stratified or quantified in the abstract..

AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed

Human · observationalSupportive careMixed resultsModerate evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 267586

Risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease after cancer diagnosis: findings from 3 prospective cohort studies

Journal of the National Cancer Institute · Aug 2025 · prospective cohort study

Supportive carecervical cancerHodgkin lymphomaprostate cancerbreast cancercolorectal cancerlung cancerendometrial canceroral cavity and pharynx cancerkidney cancerovarian cancersarcomamelanomaleukemia

Researchers followed participants in three large prospective cohorts for up to 36 years to examine whether a cancer diagnosis was associated with later atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). They documented 4,334 new ASCVD events among 49,603 incident cancer cases and found that cervical cancer and Hodgkin lymphoma were associated with higher ASCVD risk, prostate cancer with slightly lower risk, and that ASCVD risk trajectories over time varied by cancer type (for example, breast cancer survivors had lower ASCVD risk for the first 7.5 years, then risk increased).

Reported effects: new-onset ASCVD events among incident cancer cases 4334, n=49603 · cervical cancer HR 1.56 [1.06–2.29] · +6 more

Key findings
  • During up to 36 years of follow-up, 4,334 new-onset ASCVD events among 49,603 incident cancer cases were documented.
  • Cervical cancer was associated with increased ASCVD incidence (HR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.06 to 2.29).
  • Hodgkin lymphoma was associated with increased ASCVD incidence (HR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.89 to 4.15).
  • Prostate cancer was associated with lower ASCVD incidence (HR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.85 to 0.97).
  • Breast cancer survivors experienced lower ASCVD risk during the first 7.5 years after diagnosis, but risk gradually increased afterward (Pnonlinearity = .01).
  • ASCVD risk increased over time among patients with cancers of the colorectum (P = .003), lung (P = .002), and endometrium (P = .04).
  • No statistically significant association with ASCVD risk was observed for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, kidney, or ovary; sarcoma; melanoma; or leukemia.
Limitations: Observational cohort design cannot establish causality.; Potential for residual confounding despite multivariable adjustment.; Cohorts consist of nurses and health professionals, which may limit generalizability to other populations.; Abstract does not report details on cancer stage or treatments, which could influence ASCVD risk..

AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text

Case reportMechanismReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 1

Plasma epigenomic profiling reveals treatment-emergent squamous transformation in prostate cancer

NPJ precision oncology · Jul 2025 · Serial plasma epigenomic (circulating chromatin) profiling from a single patient case report

prostate adenocarcinomametastatic prostate cancer

The authors performed serial plasma circulating chromatin (epigenomic) profiling in a single patient with metastatic prostate cancer who developed squamous transformation. They detected dynamic changes in gene regulation in circulating chromatin that reflected emergence of squamous differentiation, enabling non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of this resistance phenotype. The abstract notes potential therapeutic implications but provides no validation data.

Key findings
  • Circulating chromatin (plasma epigenome) showed dynamic changes corresponding to squamous differentiation in a patient with metastatic prostate cancer.
  • These plasma epigenomic changes enabled non-invasive detection and monitoring of treatment-emergent squamous transformation.
  • Authors state the findings have potential therapeutic implications.
Limitations: Single-patient case report (n=1), limiting generalizability.; No validation cohort or independent replication reported in the abstract.; No quantitative results or performance metrics provided in the abstract.; Observational profiling; cannot establish clinical utility or impact on outcomes from the data presented..

AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text

ReviewReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early human

Vitamin D and prostate cancer prevention

World journal of clinical oncology · Jun 2024

prostate cancer

This editorial discusses the relationship between vitamin D and prostate cancer prevention, summarizing recent studies. It notes that vitamin D is implicated beyond bone health, affecting immune function and cellular signaling, and that some recent studies suggest a possible link between normal vitamin D levels and reduced prostate cancer risk. The piece highlights important studies but does not present new primary data.

Key findings
  • Vitamin D has roles beyond bone health, including impacts on immune function and cellular signaling, according to the editorial.
  • The editorial states recent studies are oriented toward a benefit and a potential cause-effect relationship between normal vitamin D levels and prostate cancer.
  • The article highlights important studies in this area but does not report original experimental or clinical data.
Limitations: Editorial article with no original data or new analyses reported.; Not a systematic review or meta-analysis; selection of 'important studies' may be subjective.; Abstract provides no quantitative results, methods, or study-level details.; Conclusions appear speculative; causality is suggested but not demonstrated in this article..

AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text

ReviewMetabolismInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 4 · clinical

Prostate Cancer and the Mevalonate Pathway

International journal of molecular sciences · Feb 2024

prostate cancer

This narrative review discusses prostate cancer biology with emphasis on the androgen receptor pathway and emerging resistance mechanisms. It highlights dysregulation of the mevalonate/lipid metabolic pathway as a strategy tumors use to survive and suggests that integrating lipid metabolism into oncologic management could be valuable. The abstract reports no original data or quantitative results.

Key findings
  • Androgen receptor (AR) signaling has been the traditional focus of prostate cancer therapy.
  • Tumors develop resistance mechanisms to single-pathway (AR-centered) therapies.
  • Dysregulation of the lipid metabolic/mevalonate pathway is presented as a tumor survival strategy.
  • The authors propose that incorporating lipid metabolism considerations into cancer management may be valuable.
Limitations: This is a narrative review and presents no new experimental or clinical data in the abstract.; Abstract provides no methods, study selection criteria, or quantitative results.; No specific compounds, doses, trials, or patient outcomes are reported in the abstract.; Conclusions are conceptual; the abstract does not provide direct evidence of clinical benefit from targeting the mevalonate pathway..

AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text

ReviewMechanismReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 4 · clinical

Genomics and Artificial Intelligence: Prostate Cancer

The Urologic clinics of North America · Feb 2024 · review

prostate cancer

This is a narrative review describing applications of artificial intelligence (machine learning and deep learning) to prostate cancer genomics research. The authors state that AI can rapidly analyze large genomic datasets to identify patterns missed by traditional methods, potentially enabling discovery of novel biomarkers, improving diagnostic accuracy, and predicting disease progression and treatment response for personalized medicine.

Key findings
  • AI (machine learning and deep learning) can rapidly analyze vast genomic datasets in prostate cancer research.
  • AI-driven analyses can identify patterns and correlations that may be missed by traditional methods.
  • Such AI-driven insights may lead to discovery of novel biomarkers, enhanced diagnostic accuracy, and prediction of disease progression and treatment response.
  • AI is described as becoming an indispensable tool in pursuit of personalized medicine for prostate cancer.
Limitations: Narrative review with no primary data reported in the abstract.; Abstract provides no methods, sample sizes, or quantitative results.; Claims are presented at a high level and may be speculative; no evidence of clinical validation is reported in the abstract..

AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed

ReviewSupportive careReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 4 · clinicaln = 999

Effects of exercise training on cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant treatment: A systematic review

Journal of science and medicine in sport · Nov 2023 · Systematic review of randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental investigations, and pre-post studies

Supportive carerectal cancerbreast cancerpancreatic canceresophageal cancergastro-esophageal cancerprostate cancerleukemia

This systematic review examined 27 trials (999 patients) testing exercise interventions during neoadjuvant cancer treatment. The authors report that exercise interventions appeared to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, body composition, and quality of life, but evidence on cancer-related fatigue and sleep quality was scarce.

Reported effects: number_of_trials 27 · total_patients 999, n=999 · +10 more

Key findings
  • Twenty-seven trials involving 999 cancer patients were included in this review.
  • The interventions were conducted in cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant treatment for rectal (nd0= 111), breast (nd0= 15), pancreatic (nd0= 14), esophageal (nd0= 13), gastro-esophageal (nd0= 12), and prostate (nd0= 11) cancers, and leukemia (nd0= 11).
  • Among the investigations included, 14 utilized combined exercise protocols, 11 utilized aerobic exercise, and two utilized both aerobic and resistance training separately.
  • Exercise interventions appeared to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, body composition, and quality of life, although many investigations lacked a between-group analysis.
  • There is a scarcity of evidence on the effects of exercise on cancer-related fatigue and sleep quality.
Limitations: Many included investigations lacked a between-group analysis.; Overall evidence described as limited in the abstract.; Scarcity of data on cancer-related fatigue and sleep quality.; Heterogeneous cancer types and exercise protocols across trials (limits generalizability).; Systematic review did not report pooled quantitative synthesis in the abstract..

AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jul 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed

ReviewMechanismReported positiveLimited evidenceTier 4 · clinical

PET/CT in Prostate Cancer

Cancers · Jul 2023

prostate cancer

This editorial/review discusses the role of PET/CT in managing patients with prostate cancer over the last decade. The abstract states that PET/CT has played a crucial role and has significantly impacted various aspects of the disease. The abstract provides no original data or quantitative results.

Key findings
  • Over the last decade, PET/CT has played a crucial role in managing patients with prostate cancer (PCa), significantly impacting various aspects of the disease.
  • The article is presented as an editorial/review rather than reporting new experimental or clinical data in the abstract.
Limitations: Editorial/review article rather than original research (no primary data reported in abstract).; Abstract provides no methods, sample size, quantitative results, or specific outcome measures.; Provided abstract text is very brief and lacks detail about specific impacts or evidence..

AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text

Case reportInconclusiveLimited evidenceTier 3 · early humann = 1

Managing a Rare Case of Mixed Extrapulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate

Cureus · Jun 2023 · case report

CarboplatinEtoposideDurvalumabextrapulmonary small cell carcinoma (EPSCC) of the prostateprostate adenocarcinomametastatic prostate cancer

This is a single-patient case report of a 77-year-old man with prior prostate adenocarcinoma who developed extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma of the prostate. The patient did not improve with bicalutamide and leuprorelin, and clinicians administered carboplatin-etoposide chemotherapy with durvalumab based on treatments used for small cell lung cancer. The authors state that EPSCC of the prostate is aggressive, lacks established treatment protocols, and call for further research and clinical trials.

Studied with: bicalutamide + leuprorelin, carboplatin + etoposide, durvalumab (given with carboplatin-etoposide).

Key findings
  • Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma (EPSCC) in the prostate is an aggressive and rare malignancy with unfavorable survival outcomes (reported as a general statement).
  • The reported patient did not show improvement after standard therapy with bicalutamide and leuprorelin.
  • The treating team administered a carboplatin-etoposide chemotherapy regimen together with durvalumab, extrapolating from small cell lung cancer approaches.
  • The authors highlight a lack of established treatment protocols for prostate EPSCC and the need for further research and clinical trials.
Limitations: Single-patient case report (n=1), so findings are not generalizable.; Abstract does not report objective outcomes or follow-up after administration of carboplatin-etoposide plus durvalumab.; No control or comparator; observational description only.; No doses, treatment schedule, toxicity, or response metrics provided in the abstract.; Limited clinical detail (e.g., imaging, histology, biomarkers) provided in the abstract..

AI summary of the abstract, human-reviewed · Jun 2026. Describes what this study reported, not medical advice. View on PubMed · Full text

Browse all studies mentioning Prostate Cancer →

Where the evidence is

What has been studied, and how strong it is, by topic. A dashed cell means no studies were found for that combination — a gap, not evidence of no effect. Open a row to see its studies.

CompoundHuman evidenceMechanismSafetyTrial
Carboplatin————
Durvalumab————
Etoposide————
Fuzuloparib—1—1
Genistein—1——
Relacorilant—1——

Study mix

34 published studies by what they were done in. Lab and animal findings often do not carry over to people.

6 Human28 Review/other
Reported directionReported positive18Mixed results7Inconclusive9

Compounds with reported-positive results in Prostate Cancer

Where at least one study reported a positive result, shown with the full picture, not just the wins. Positive results are more likely to be published, and most of these are early lab or animal studies that may not translate to people. This reports what studies found, not what works.

Preclinical only: lab / animal (3)
Relacorilant1 positive
Limitations: Abstract provides no efficacy or safety outcome data or numeric results from trials.; No trial design, sample size, or methods are reported in the abstract.; This is an approval/summary article, not primary trial data.; Geographic scope limited to a USA approval; supporting evidence is not detailed in the abstract..
Cited positive studies (1)
Genistein1 positive
Limitations: This article is a narrative review and does not present new clinical trial data.; The evidence summarized is primarily preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) with no clinical trial data provided in the abstract.; Mechanistic proposals are not proven clinical effects and require further experimental and clinical validation.; Safety and efficacy in patients, optimal dosing, and interactions with standard therapies are not established in this review..
Cited positive studies (1)
Fuzuloparib1 positive
Limitations: Review article; no original study data in the abstract.; No efficacy or safety results are reported in the abstract.; No comparator, sample size, or quantitative outcomes are provided..
Cited positive studies (1)

Evidence at a glance: compounds studied in Prostate Cancer

A deterministic grade of what published studies report for each: strength of evidence, the reported direction, and the largest credible effect, strongest-evidence first. This summarizes findings; it is not a claim that anything works.

CarboplatinInsufficient evidenceInconclusive

No primary experimental studies yet.

Most authoritative study: Managing a Rare Case of Mixed Extrapulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate

No human studies yet · No numeric effect sizes reported · Based on a single study.
DurvalumabInsufficient evidenceInconclusive

No primary experimental studies yet.

Most authoritative study: Managing a Rare Case of Mixed Extrapulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate

No human studies yet · No numeric effect sizes reported · Based on a single study.
EtoposideInsufficient evidenceInconclusive

No primary experimental studies yet.

Most authoritative study: Managing a Rare Case of Mixed Extrapulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate

No human studies yet · No numeric effect sizes reported · Based on a single study.
FuzuloparibInsufficient evidenceReported positive

No primary experimental studies yet.

Most authoritative study: Fuzuloparib: First Approval

No human studies yet · No numeric effect sizes reported · Based on a single study.
GenisteinInsufficient evidenceReported positive

No primary experimental studies yet.

Most authoritative study: Biological activities and therapeutic potential of soy isoflavones: a focus on anticancer activity

No human studies yet · No numeric effect sizes reported · Based on a single study.
RelacorilantInsufficient evidenceReported positive

No primary experimental studies yet.

Most authoritative study: Relacorilant: First Approval

No human studies yet · No numeric effect sizes reported · Based on a single study.

What the research shows for Prostate Cancer

A plain-language summary of the reviewed studies OncoForge tracks for Prostate Cancer. It reports what those studies described, not a claim that any compound or therapy helps or harms Prostate Cancer. Most of this evidence is early, and findings often conflict.

  • In these studies fuzuloparib was reported in a clinical-review context describing its development and approval for certain platinum-sensitive ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancers; the report did not include prostate-cancer clinical trials.
  • The reviews summarized that higher NUCB2/NESF-1 expression has been reported to associate with poorer outcomes and with increased cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in several cancer types; the abstracts summarize heterogeneous prior studies and do not provide detailed listing of every cancer type in the abstract text provided.
  • In these studies the NUCB2/NESF-1 evidence was mixed and limited, consisting largely of preclinical and observational reports with conflicting findings across studies and cancer types.
  • In these studies the overall evidence relevant to prostate cancer was indirect and early-stage (reviews, biomarker/mechanistic reports); there were no prospective interventional clinical trials in prostate cancer reported for the agents covered.

Compounds studied in Prostate Cancer

Fuzuloparib1 study
In these studies fuzuloparib was described as an oral PARP inhibitor with clinical development and regulatory approval for certain ovarian/fallopian tube/primary peritoneal cancers, but no prostate-cancer clinical data were reported — evidence for use in prostate cancer is absent in the provided studies.

Supportive & alternative options discussed

  • Exercise / prehabilitation: Also discussed as a supportive option for people with prostate cancer to help maintain function and quality of life.
  • Mind–body (MBSR / CBT): Also discussed as a supportive option for managing stress, mood, and quality-of-life concerns in prostate cancer care.
  • Acupuncture: Also discussed as a supportive option for symptom management (for example, pain or treatment-related side effects) in prostate cancer.
  • Ketogenic / metabolic therapy: Also discussed by some as a dietary approach of interest in prostate cancer, but clinical evidence from the provided studies is not presented.
  • Mistletoe (VAE): Also discussed in some settings as a complementary therapy for cancer symptom support, though the provided studies do not evaluate it for prostate cancer.

What we don’t know yet

  • Are there any clinical trials testing fuzuloparib specifically in prostate cancer patients, and if so what are the safety and efficacy results?
  • How much of the reported NUCB2/NESF-1 findings in prostate cancer come from small, preclinical, or retrospective studies versus well-controlled prospective studies?
Overall, the evidence in these studies is preliminary and indirect for prostate cancer (mainly reviews and biomarker/mechanistic reports), so it does not establish clinical benefit or standard clinical use in prostate cancer.

Clinical trials in Prostate Cancer

9 ongoing · 23 completed · tracked from ClinicalTrials.gov. Recruiting is not the same as proven, and completed is not the same as positive — read the results. Not a recommendation.

Completed
10 stopped (terminated / withdrawn / suspended)

Search all trials on ClinicalTrials.gov →

Getting care & support

Nonprofit / Gov

Practical, vetted help for Prostate Cancer — advocacy, paying for treatment, second opinions, and caregivers.

If you’re struggling emotionally, you don’t have to wait.

Advocacy & community

No dedicated organization for this specific cancer is curated yet — these general organizations can help in the meantime.

Financial help

  • PAN Foundation ↗ — Copay assistance funds by diagnosis (funds open and close as money allows). · status changes often — check the fund’s site
  • HealthWell Foundation ↗ — Copay and premium assistance funds by disease. · status changes often — check the fund’s site
  • CancerCare — financial assistance ↗ — Limited grants plus free financial counseling. · status changes often — check the fund’s site
  • Family Reach ↗ — Help with everyday living costs (rent, transport, food) during treatment. · status changes often — check the fund’s site
  • NeedyMeds ↗ — Searchable directory of drug patient-assistance and discount programs. · status changes often — check the fund’s site
What you’ll typically need to apply
  • Your diagnosis and, if you have it, the specific drug/treatment name (from your care team).
  • Insurance details — your member ID card, or a note that you're uninsured (some funds require active insurance, some don't).
  • Proof of income and household size (recent pay stubs, a tax return, or a benefits letter) — most funds are income-based.
  • Your prescriber's contact information; some programs need the clinic to submit part of the application.
  • Apply early and re-check: funds open and close as money is available, so a closed fund may reopen.

General guidance — each program sets its own eligibility. Confirm requirements on the program’s site.

Help paying for the medicines on this page

Second opinions

Caregiver support

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